Chiphunzitso Choyambirira cha Kuphulika kwa Madzi
Kuchuluka kwa nthaka m'nthaka ndi nthambi ya geophysics yomwe imafufuza momwe mafunde a seismic amagwirira ntchito ndi zinthu zodzaza ndi madzi. Pachifukwa ichi, zinthu zodzaza ndi madzi zimatha kukhala miyala yosungiramo madzi yomwe imapezeka pansi pa Dziko Lapansi, yokhala ndi mafuta, gasi, kapena madzi. Kumvetsetsa chiphunzitso cha kuchulukira kwa nthaka m'nthaka ndikofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza za hydrocarbon, kasamalidwe ka madzi apansi panthaka, komanso kuchepetsa zoopsa monga zivomerezi. Nkhaniyi ipereka chithunzithunzi chakuya cha maziko a chiphunzitso cha kuchulukira kwa nthaka m'nthaka, malingaliro ake oyambira, ma equation ofunikira a masamu, ndi ntchito zake zothandiza.
1. Pendauluan
Chiphunzitso cha seismic poroelasticity chimaphatikiza chiphunzitso cha kusinthasintha ndi kuyenda kwa madzi m'malo olumikizirana ndi machubu. Chiphunzitsochi chachokera ku maphunziro a Biot (1941), yemwe adapanga chitsanzo cha masamu chofotokozera mafunde a seismic m'malo olumikizirana ndi machubu odzaza ndi madzi. Chitsanzo cha Biot chidatchuka kwambiri chifukwa chimatha kufotokoza zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe sizingathe kufotokozedwa ndi kusinthasintha kwachikhalidwe.
Cholumikizira chamadzimadzi ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chimango cholimba chokhala ndi ma pores odzazidwa ndi madzi. Madzi awa akhoza kukhala mpweya, madzi, kapena kusakaniza zonse ziwiri. Zotsatira za madzimadzi ...
2. Lingaliro Loyambira la Poroelasticity
2.1. Pakati Pang'onong'ono
Mu chiphunzitso cha poroelasticity, malo osungiramo zinthu okhala ndi mapokoso amaonedwa kuti ali ndi magawo awiri: gawo lolimba (chigoba cha miyala) ndi gawo lamadzimadzi (madzimadzi kapena mpweya m'mapokoso). Kuyenda kwa mafunde a seismic kumayambitsa kusintha kwa chigoba cholimba ndikupsinjika mumadzimadzi.
2.2. Kusintha kwa Elastic
Kusintha kwa elastic kumatanthauza kusintha kwa mawonekedwe kapena voliyumu ya chinthu chomwe chimatha kuchira. Mu malo otseguka, kusinthaku kumachitika chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa makina. Chiphunzitso cha elastic chachikale chimaphatikizapo ubale pakati pa kupsinjika ndi kupsinjika, komwe nthawi zambiri kumafotokozedwa mu equation ya Hooke.
2.3. Kuyenda kwa Madzi
Kuwonjezera pa kusintha kwa elasticity, kupezeka kwa madzi m'malo olumikizirana ndi ma porous media kumafunanso kumvetsetsa kayendedwe ka madzi kudzera m'ma pores. Kuyenda kwa madzi kumeneku kumayendetsedwa ndi ma pressure gradients ndipo kungafotokozedwe pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Darcy.
3. Ma equation Aakulu a Masamu
Kuti timvetse momwe mafunde a seismic amagwirira ntchito, chitsanzo cha masamu chofotokoza momwe mafunde a seismic amagwirira ntchito ndi malo olumikizirana ndi otseguka n'chofunikira kwambiri. Zina mwa ma equation ofunikira mu chiphunzitsochi ndi awa:
3.1. Equation ya Biot
Chiyerekezo cha Biot ndicho maziko a chiphunzitso cha seismic poroelasticity. Chiyerekezochi chimaphatikiza malamulo a kusinthasintha kwa mafelemu olimba ndi lamulo la Darcy la kuyenda kwa madzi. Biot adawonetsa kuti pali mitundu iwiri ya mafunde mu poroelastic medium: ma P-wave othamanga ndi ma P-wave ochedwa. Mafunde awiriwa ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana a liwiro ndi kuchepa.
3.2. Chiyerekezo Chopitilira
Chiyerekezo cha continuity chikuwonetsa mfundo yosungira kuchuluka kwa madzi m'mabowo. Mu chitsanzo cha Biot, chiyerekezo cha continuity chimaganizira kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi komanso liwiro la kuyenda kwa madzi m'malo olumikizirana.
3.3. Ma equation a Kuyenda
Ma equation a kayendedwe mu chiphunzitso cha seismic poroelasticity akuphatikizapo kayendedwe kogwirizana pakati pa chimango cholimba ndi madzi mkati mwa ma pores. Ma equation awa amafotokoza za kupsinjika kwa makina chifukwa cha kusintha kwa elasticity ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi mkati mwa ma pores.
4. Chochitika cha Kuyenda kwa Madzi m'thupi
4.1. Kufalikira kwa Mafunde
Kufalikira kwa mafunde ndi chinthu chomwe liwiro la mafunde limadalira pafupipafupi. Mu poroelastic media, kufalikira kwa mafunde kumakhudzidwa ndi kuyanjana pakati pa chimango cholimba ndi chamadzimadzi. Kufalikira kumeneku kungapereke chidziwitso chokhudza mphamvu zamakina ndi zamadzimadzi za payipi yolumikizira mafunde.
4.2. Kuchepetsa Mafunde
Kuchepa kwa mafunde kumatanthauza kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mafunde pamene akufalikira. Kuchepa kwa mafunde m'malo otseguka kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyamwa kwa mphamvu ya mafunde ndi sing'anga. Kuchuluka kwa kuchepa kwa mafunde kumakhudzidwa ndi kukhuthala kwa madzi m'mabowo ndi momwe chimagwirira ntchito cha chimango cholimba.
4.3. Kusakhazikika kwa thupi
Kusinthasintha kwa kuwala kumadalira momwe zinthu zakuthupi zimakhalira pa njira yolowera. Mabowo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mafunde a anisotropy, pomwe liwiro la mafunde ndi kuchepa kwa kuwala kumasiyana mbali zosiyanasiyana. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kungayambitsidwe ndi momwe ma pores, zigawo, kapena kusweka kwa ma fractures mkati mwa mabowo.
5. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chivomerezi cha Poroelasticity
5.1. Kufufuza kwa Hydrocarbon
Pofufuza za hydrocarbon, poroelastic seismicity imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira malo osungira mafuta ndi gasi ndikuwonetsa momwe alili. Chidziwitso chokhudza liwiro ndi kuchepa kwa mafunde m'malo osungiramo madzi chingathandize pakupanga mapu a malo osungiramo madzi ndi kupanga njira zogwirira ntchito bwino.
5.2. Zinthu za Madzi a Pansi pa Dziko
Kumvetsetsa momwe madzi amathithirira pansi pa nthaka ndi kofunikiranso pa maphunziro a madzi poyang'anira zinthu za pansi pa nthaka. Kuzindikira momwe madzi amathithirira pansi pa nthaka ndi momwe madzi amathirira m'malo otsetsereka kungachitike pogwiritsa ntchito deta ya madzi.
5.3. Kuwunika Zoopsa za Geo
Njira zoyezera nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde a nthaka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira zoopsa monga zivomerezi ndi kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi m'nthaka. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pochepetsa zoopsa komanso kuwongolera masoka.
6. Kesimpulan
Kuchuluka kwa madzi m'nthaka ndi gawo lovuta koma lofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro a geophysics. Kumvetsetsa chiphunzitsochi kumafuna kuphatikiza kwa kusinthasintha ndi makina amadzimadzi m'malo olumikizirana ndi madzi. Kupanga zitsanzo zamasamu monga Biot equation kwatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino momwe mafunde amadzi amakhalira m'malo olumikizirana ndi madzi, kuphatikizapo zochitika za kufalikira, kuchepa kwa madzi, ndi anisotropy.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa madzi oundana m'madzi ndi kwakukulu, kuyambira kufufuza za madzi oundana mpaka kasamalidwe ka zinthu za pansi pa nthaka komanso kuchepetsa ngozi za geo. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wowonjezereka m'derali apitiliza kuthandiza pakupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi sayansi m'magawo osiyanasiyana.
Referensi
– Biot, M.A. (1941). Chiphunzitso cha kufalikira kwa mafunde otanuka mu chinthu cholimba chokhala ndi porous chodzaza ndi madzi. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 28(2), 168-191.
– Carcione, J.M. (2007). Ma Wave Fields mu Real Media: Kufalikira kwa Ma Wave mu Anisotropic, Anelastic, Porous ndi Electromagnetic Media. Elsevier.
– Wang, Z. (2000). Mfundo Zofunikira za Chisinthiko cha Mathanthwe. Geophysics, 55(9), 1124-1134.
Mwa kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira za chiphunzitso cha seismic poroelasticity, timapeza chida champhamvu chofufuzira za pansi pa Dziko Lapansi, chomwe ndi chofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale ndi zasayansi. Kuphunzira kwake kolemera komanso kovuta kumatipatsa chidziwitso chozama cha dziko lomwe lili pansi pa mapazi athu ndi zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake.
