Kapangidwe ndi Ntchito ya Adrenal Glands
Pendauluan
Ma adrenal glands, omwe amadziwikanso kuti suprarenal glands, ndi ma endocrine glands omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulamulira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za thupi. Ma adrenal glands awa ali pamwamba pa impso, ndipo ali ndi magawo awiri akuluakulu: adrenal cortex ndi adrenal medulla. Chigawo chilichonse chili ndi ntchito yakeyake ndipo chimapanga mahomoni osiyanasiyana. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza mozama kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya adrenal glands.
Kapangidwe ka Adrenal Gland
Ma adrenal glands amakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zazikulu: adrenal cortex, yomwe ili kunja, ndi adrenal medulla, yomwe ili mkati.
1. Adrenal Cortex
Kortex ili ndi zigawo zitatu:
– Zona Glomerulosa: Gawo lakunja lomwe limapanga mahomoni a mineralocorticoid, monga aldosterone. Homoni iyi imagwira ntchito yolamulira Kulinganiza madzi ndi mchere m'thupi, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti kuthamanga kwa magazi kukhale kokhazikika.
– Zona Fasciculata: Gawo lapakati lomwe limapanga glucocorticoids, monga cortisol. Cortisol ndi mahomoni opsinjika maganizo zazikulu zomwe zimathandiza thupi kuyankha kupsinjika ndikuwongolera kagayidwe ka mapuloteni, mafuta, ndi chakudya.
– Zona Reticularis: Gawo lozama kwambiri la kortex lomwe limapanga ma androgens, mahomoni ogonana omwe amathandizira pakukula kwa makhalidwe achiwiri ogonana.
2. Adrenal Medulla
Gawo ili la adrenal gland limapanga ma catecholamines, monga adrenaline ndi noradrenaline. Mahomoni amenewa amatulutsidwa chifukwa cha kupsinjika maganizo kapena kuopsezedwa, komwe kumadziwika kuti 'nkhondo kapena kuthawa'.
Ntchito ya Adrenal Glands
Ma adrenal glands amapanga mahomoni osiyanasiyana omwe amakhudza pafupifupi chiwalo chilichonse ndi minofu m'thupi. Ntchito zazikulu za mahomoni opangidwa ndi ma adrenal glands ndi izi:
1. Kulamulira Kagayidwe kachakudya
Adrenal cortex imapanga mahomoni a glucocorticoid, makamaka cortisol, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu kagayidwe ka chakudya, mapuloteni, ndi mafuta. Cortisol imathandiza kukweza shuga m'magazi mwa kulimbikitsa kupanga shuga m'chiwindi ndikuphwanya mapuloteni kuti apange ma amino acid omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mphamvu.
2. Kulamulira Kuthamanga kwa Magazi
Aldosterone, yopangidwa ndi zona glomerulosa, imathandiza kwambiri pakusunga sodium ndi potaziyamu m'thupi mwa kuthandiza impso kusunga sodium ndi kutulutsa potaziyamu. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakulamulira kuchuluka kwa magazi ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi. Kusalinganika kwa kuchuluka kwa aldosterone kungayambitse matenda monga kuthamanga kwa magazi kapena kuthamanga kwa magazi.
3. Kuyankha ku Kupsinjika Maganizo
Adrenaline ndi noradrenaline, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi adrenal medulla, ndi mahomoni awiri akuluakulu omwe amagwira ntchito poyankha 'nkhondo kapena kuthawa' . Pakakhala kupsinjika kapena ngozi, mahomoni awa amawonjezera kugunda kwa mtima, kuthamanga kwa magazi , ndi kuyenda kwa magazi kupita ku minofu yayikulu, komanso amafulumizitsa kupuma ndikusonkhanitsa mphamvu kuchokera ku mafuta ndi glycogen yosungidwa.
4. Kulamulira Ntchito ya Chitetezo cha Mthupi
Cortisol ilinso ndi mphamvu zotsutsana ndi kutupa komanso kuletsa chitetezo chamthupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri poyankha thupi ku kutupa ndi matenda a autoimmune. Cortisol imatha kuletsa ntchito ya maselo ena a chitetezo chamthupi, kuthandiza kuchepetsa kutupa, komanso kusintha momwe chitetezo chamthupi chimayankhira.
5. Kulamulira Ntchito Zoberekera ndi Zogonana
Ma androgens opangidwa ndi reticular zone ya adrenal cortex, monga dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), amathandizira pakukula kwa makhalidwe achiwiri ogonana komanso zimakhudza chilakolako cha kugonana mwa amuna ndi akazi. Pa nthawi ya kutha msinkhu, ma androgens amathandiza pakukula kwa ziwalo zoberekera za amuna komanso kukula kwa umuna.
Matenda a Adrenal Gland
Kusalingana kwa mahomoni opangidwa ndi ma adrenal glands kungayambitse mavuto osiyanasiyana azaumoyo. Ena mwa mavutowa ndi awa:
1. Matenda a Addison
Matenda a Addison ndi matenda omwe adrenal cortex siimapanga mahomoni okwanira a corticosteroid. Zizindikiro zake ndi monga kufooka kwa minofu, kuchepa thupi, kuthamanga kwa magazi, komanso kupindika kwa khungu. Matendawa nthawi zambiri amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa autoimmune kwa adrenal glands.
2. Matenda a Cushing
Matenda a Cushing amayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa cortisol m'thupi. Amatha kuchitika chifukwa cha chotupa cha pituitary (chotchedwa matenda a Cushing) kapena chotupa cha adrenal. Zizindikiro zake ndi kunenepa kwambiri, nkhope yozungulira, kuonda kwa miyendo, kuthamanga kwa magazi, komanso kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.
3. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Vutoli limayamba chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini komwe kumabweretsa kupanga mopitirira muyeso kapena kusakwanira kwa mahomoni ndi ma adrenal glands, zomwe zingayambitse kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa mahomoni ena. Mwachitsanzo, kusowa kwa enzyme yofunikira popanga cortisol kungayambitse kupanga androgen yambiri.
4. Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma ndi chotupa chomwe chili mu adrenal medulla chomwe chimapanga adrenaline ndi noradrenaline yambiri. Matendawa amayambitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi kwambiri ndi zizindikiro zina monga mutu, kugunda kwa mtima, komanso thukuta kwambiri.
Mapeto
Ma adrenal glands ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la dongosolo la endocrine la munthu, lomwe limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za thupi, kuphatikizapo kuwongolera kagayidwe kachakudya, kuthamanga kwa magazi, kuyankha kupsinjika, ndi ntchito ya chitetezo chamthupi. Kuwonongeka kapena kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa ma adrenal glands kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa pa thanzi la munthu. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya ma adrenal glands ndikofunikira kwambiri pazachipatala, makamaka pakupeza ndi kuchiza matenda okhudzana ndi ma adrenal glands awa.
