Chifukwa Chake Madzi Ndi Ofunika Pantchito Ya Maselo
Madzi nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati chinthu chosavuta chifukwa amapezeka paliponse. Komabe, pamlingo wa zamoyo, madzi ndiye maziko enieni a moyo. Pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chimachitika m'thupi—makamaka mkati mwa maselo—chimadalira madzi. Maselo, monga tinthu tating'ono kwambiri ta zamoyo, amafunika malo okhazikika kuti agwire ntchito: kupanga mphamvu, kuchotsa zinyalala, kudzikonza okha, ndi kulankhulana ndi maselo ena. Zonsezi sizingagwire ntchito bwino popanda madzi.
Madzi ndiye gawo lalikulu la maselo
Maselo ambiri amapangidwa ndi madzi. Mwa anthu, kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi kumakhala pakati pa 50–70%, kutengera zaka, jenda, ndi kapangidwe ka thupi. Mkati mwa selo lokha, madzi amalamulira cytoplasm, "malo ogwirira ntchito" komwe ma organelle amakhala komanso komwe kumachitika zinthu zambiri zamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi kumachepa, maselo amakumana ndi kusintha kwa voliyumu, kuthamanga, ndi momwe mankhwala amagwirira ntchito zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito awo.
Madzi amathandizanso kusunga mawonekedwe a selo. Nembanemba ya selo imalowa pang'ono, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imayang'anira kayendedwe ka madzi ndi zinthu zosungunuka. Kuyenda kwa madzi kudzera mu osmosis kumasunga kupanikizika bwino mkati ndi kunja kwa selo. Ngati chilengedwe chili "chodzaza" kwambiri (kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunuka), madzi amatuluka mu selo ndipo amachepa. Ngati asungunuka kwambiri, madzi ambiri amalowa, ndipo selo limatha kutupa komanso kuphulika ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, madzi amathandiza kwambiri pakusunga kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe ka maselo.
Chosungunulira chachikulu cha zochita za biochemical
Madzi amadziwika kuti ndi chinthu chosungunulira chilengedwe chonse chifukwa amatha kusungunula zinthu zambiri, makamaka za polar ndi ionic. Pankhani ya maselo, luso limeneli ndi lofunika kwambiri. Zakudya monga shuga, amino acid, mchere, ndi mamolekyu ena osiyanasiyana ziyenera kukhala mu mawonekedwe osungunuka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa kagayidwe kachakudya.
Ma enzyme—mapuloteni omwe amafulumizitsa zochita za mankhwala—amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'malo amadzi. Popanda madzi, mamolekyu amavutika kukumana, kuyenda, ndipo zochitazo zimachepetsa liwiro kwambiri. Madzi amalola zinthu kufalikira mofanana mu cytoplasm yonse, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zochita za unyolo monga glycolysis (kusweka kwa shuga) ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira mapuloteni, mafuta, ndi nucleic acid.
Kuphatikiza apo, madzi amathandiza kusunga pH, mulingo wa asidi womwe umatsimikiza ntchito ya ma enzyme. Machitidwe ambiri a maselo amatha kuchitika kokha mkati mwa pH yeniyeni. Machitidwe olumikizira omwe amagwira ntchito m'madzi amchere amathandiza maselo kusunga pH yokhazikika.
Kutumiza zinthu mkati ndi pakati pa maselo
Maselo sagwira ntchito okha. Amasinthasintha zinthu nthawi zonse ndi malo awo. Madzi ndiye njira yayikulu yoyendera, mkati mwa maselo (mkati mwa maselo) komanso pakati pa maselo (kunja kwa maselo). Mkati mwa cytoplasm, mamolekyu amayenda kudzera mu kufalikira ndi kufalikira kwa cytoplasm, zomwe zimachitika m'madzi. Popanda madzi okwanira, kufalikira kumachepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kufalikira kwa michere ndi zizindikiro kusakhale kogwira ntchito bwino.
Pa thupi, madzi ndi gawo lalikulu la magazi ndi mitsempha yamagazi. Zakudya, mpweya, mahomoni, ndi zinyalala za kagayidwe kachakudya zimanyamulidwa kudzera m'madzimadzi amenewa, kenako nkulowa ndi kutuluka m'maselo. Ngati thupi lasowa madzi, kuchuluka kwa magazi kumatha kuchepa, kuyenda kwa magazi kumachepa, ndipo mpweya ndi michere yoperekedwa m'maselo sizikhala bwino kwenikweni. Zotsatira zake, ntchito ya maselo imachepa ndipo thupi limadzimva lofooka.
Madzi amathandiza kwambiri pakupanga mphamvu
Mphamvu ya maselo imachokera makamaka ku ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Njira yopangira ATP imafuna masitepe ambiri ndipo imafuna malo okhala ndi madzi. Mwachitsanzo, mu kupuma kwa maselo, zochitika zingapo mu mitochondria zimafuna kusamutsa ma ayoni a hydrogen (ma protoni) ndi mamolekyu ena mu chinthu chamadzimadzi.
Kuphatikiza apo, madzi amagwira ntchito mwachindunji mu machitidwe angapo a mankhwala. Mu machitidwe a hydrolysis, madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugawa mamolekyu akuluakulu kukhala ang'onoang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, kugawanika kwa ATP kupita ku ADP kuti itulutse mphamvu ndi njira imodzi yotere yomwe imafuna madzi. Popanda madzi okwanira, machitidwewa amasokonezeka, zomwe zimachotsa maselo mphamvu zomwe amafunikira kuti agwire ntchito.
Kusunga kutentha kokhazikika ndi mikhalidwe yamkati
Kwa maselo, kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kumatha kuwononga kapangidwe ka mapuloteni ndi nembanemba. Madzi ali ndi mphamvu yotentha kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amatha kuyamwa kutentha popanda kusintha kutentha mwachangu. Izi zimathandiza thupi ndi maselo kukhala ndi kutentha kokhazikika. Kutentha kwa thupi kukakwera, madzi nawonso amagwira ntchito kudzera mu thukuta, lomwe limasanduka nthunzi ndikuthandizira kuziziritsa.
Kukhazikika kwa kutentha sikungokhala chitonthozo chokha; kumakhudzanso kupitiriza kwa zochita za biochemical. Ma enzyme amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha. Ngati ali otentha kwambiri, amatha kusweka (kuwonongeka); ngati ali ozizira kwambiri, zochita zimatha kuchedwa kwambiri. Madzi amathandiza kusunga zinthu zamkati zomwe zimathandiza ntchito ya ma enzyme ndi zochita za kagayidwe kachakudya.
Zimathandiza kuchotsa zinyalala za kagayidwe kachakudya
Selo iliyonse imapanga zinyalala. Zina mwa zinyalalazi zimasonkhana ndipo zimakhala zoopsa, monga ammonia, zomwe zimasanduka urea m'chiwindi. Madzi amathandiza kusungunula ndi kunyamula zinyalalazi kuti zituluke kudzera mu mkodzo, thukuta, kapena m'mimba.
Pa mlingo wa maselo, kupezeka kwa madzi kumatsimikizira kuti zinyalala zimatha kutuluka m'maselo ndikulowa m'madzi am'magazi, komwe zimanyamulidwa ndi magazi. Thupi likapanda madzi okwanira m'thupi, kuchuluka kwa mkodzo kumachepa, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kumawonjezeka, ndipo njira yochotsera imakhala yovuta kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, kukhazikika kwa mkati mwa maselo kumatha kusokonezeka.
Kulankhulana kwa madzi ndi maselo
Maselo a thupi amalankhulana kudzera mu zizindikiro za mankhwala monga mahomoni ndi ma neurotransmitters. Zizindikiro zambirizi zimayenda kudzera m'madzimadzi. Madzi amapereka njira yomwe zinthu zolumikizira izi zimasungunuka, zimasuntha, ndikufikira zomwe zimafuna. Kuphatikiza apo, kulinganiza kwa ma ayoni monga sodium (Na+, potaziyamu (K+, calcium (Ca2+, ndi chloride (Cl-) mu yankho lamadzi kumatsimikizira kwambiri kufalikira kwa zizindikiro zamagetsi, makamaka m'maselo a mitsempha ndi minofu.
Ngati kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi ma electrolyte sikuli bwino, kulumikizana pakati pa maselo kungasokonezeke. Zotsatira zake zitha kuwoneka mu zizindikiro monga kupweteka kwa minofu, chizungulire, kutopa, kapena kuvutika kukhazikika. Izi zikusonyeza kuti madzi si "malo odzaza" m'thupi, koma ndi gawo logwira ntchito la njira yolumikizirana yachilengedwe.
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ku maselo akasowa madzi?
Kusowa madzi m'thupi kumachepetsa madzi m'thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo asamagwire bwino ntchito komanso kusintha malo omwe ali ndi mankhwala. Kagayidwe kachakudya kamachepa, zakudya zimasokonekera, ndipo kutaya zinyalala sikuthandiza. Kusowa madzi m'thupi pang'ono kungayambitse kutopa, mutu, komanso kuchepa kwa chidwi. Kusowa madzi m'thupi kwambiri kumatha kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito a ziwalo, kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa magazi, komanso kuwonjezera kupsinjika kwa okosijeni m'maselo.
Kusunga bwino madzi ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri m'thupi. Chifukwa chake, madzi akachepa, thupi limayambitsa ludzu, limachepetsa kupanga mkodzo, komanso limayang'anira mahomoni monga ADH (antidiuretic hormone) kuti asunge madzi mu impso. Njira imeneyi cholinga chake ndi kusunga malo oyenera kuti maselo azigwira ntchito.
Kutseka
Madzi ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito ya maselo, chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati gawo lalikulu la maselo, chosungunulira zinthu zomwe zimachitika m'thupi, chonyamulira zinthu, chothandizira kupanga mphamvu, chowongolera kutentha, chonyamulira zinyalala, komanso cholumikizirana pakati pa maselo. Popanda madzi, maselo sangasunge mawonekedwe awo, kuchita kagayidwe kachakudya, kapena kusintha momwe zinthu zilili. Popeza maselo ndi omwe amamanga minofu ndi ziwalo zonse, kusunga madzi okwanira kumatanthauza kusunga ntchito yonse ya thupi lonse.
Kuonetsetsa kuti madzi okwanira akumwa sikuyenera kukhala kovuta: imwani nthawi zonse, samalani mtundu wa mkodzo, ndikusintha madzi omwe mumamwa panthawi yotentha kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Mwanjira imeneyi, maselo a thupi lanu amakhala bwino kuti agwire ntchito zawo, ndipo thanzi lanu lonse limasamalidwa bwino.
