Ntchito ya Nkhumba mu Chitetezo cha Mthupi
Nkhumba ndi chiwalo chomwe nthawi zambiri sichidziwika chifukwa ndi chaching'ono ndipo chimabisika kumtunda kumanzere kwa mimba, pansi pa nthiti. Komabe, nkhumba imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusunga bwino thupi—makamaka m'thupi. Chiwalochi chimagwira ntchito ngati "malo owunikira magazi," kusefa, kuwunika, ndikuthandiza thupi kuyankha ku zoopsa monga mabakiteriya, mavairasi, ndi maselo amagazi okalamba. Kumvetsetsa ntchito ya nkhumba kungatithandize kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake kuwonongeka kapena kuchotsa nkhumba kungapangitse kuti pakhale chiopsezo chotenga matenda komanso chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kusunga thanzi lake.
Malo ndi kapangidwe kosavuta ka ndulu
Mu thupi, ndulu ili m'chigawo chakumtunda chakumanzere kwa mimba ndipo imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mimba, kapamba, ndi diaphragm. ndulu imapangidwa ndi magawo awiri akuluakulu: ndulu yofiira ndi ndulu yoyera, komanso malo ozungulira, omwe amagwira ntchito ngati malo ofunikira osinthira. Gawo lililonse limagwira ntchito yakeyake. ndulu yofiira imagwira ntchito yayikulu pakusefa ndi kukonza maselo amagazi, pomwe ndulu yoyera imagwirizana kwambiri ndi chitetezo chamthupi chifukwa ili ndi maselo ambiri oteteza thupi monga ma lymphocytes.
Tchireli lili ndi mitsempha yambiri yamagazi. Magazi omwe amayenda kudzera mu tchireli "amasefedwa" kudzera munjira zazing'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzindikira maselo amagazi osazolowereka kapena omwe ali ndi kachilomboka. Njira imeneyi imapangitsa tchireli kukhala chiwalo chapadera choteteza thupi chifukwa chimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zigawo zamagazi.
Tchembere limagwira ntchito ngati chosefera magazi ndipo limasunga ubwino wa maselo a magazi.
Chimodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri za ndulu ndikusefa magazi a zigawo zomwe sizilinso zothandiza. Maselo ofiira a m'magazi (erythrocytes) amakhala ndi moyo wapakati wa masiku pafupifupi 120. Akamakalamba, sasinthasintha ndipo amakakamira mosavuta mu "network yosefera" ya red pulp. Apa ndi pomwe ndulu imabwera: imazindikira ndikuwononga maselo ofiira a m'magazi owonongeka kapena okalamba, kenako imabwezeretsanso zigawo zofunika monga chitsulo kuchokera ku hemoglobin.
Njirayi ndi yofunika kwambiri osati kokha pakugwira ntchito bwino kwa thupi komanso pa chitetezo chamthupi. Maselo amagazi owonongeka angayambitse kutupa kapena kusokoneza kuyenda kwa magazi m'mitsempha yaying'ono. Mwa kusunga mawonekedwe a maselo amagazi, ndulu imathandiza mwanjira ina kusunga bata lamkati mwa thupi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chitetezo chamthupi chizigwira ntchito bwino.
Kuwonjezera pa maselo ofiira a magazi (erythrocytes), ndulu imathandizanso kuyang'anira ma platelet (thrombocytes) ndi maselo ena oyera a magazi. ndulu imatha kugwira ntchito ngati "yosungira" ma platelet ndikuwatulutsa thupi likawafuna, monga panthawi yotuluka magazi.
Zamkati zoyera: pakati pa chitetezo cha mthupi ku matenda opatsirana m'magazi
Mbali yomwe imapangitsa kuti ndulu ikhale yofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo chamthupi ndi thumba loyera, lomwe limapangidwa ndi minofu ya lymphoid. thumba loyera lili ndi ma lymphocyte ambiri a B ndi T, mitundu iwiri ya maselo omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo chamthupi chosinthika.
– Ma lymphocyte a B amagwira ntchito yopanga ma antibodies. Pamene ndulu yazindikira antigen (gawo la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga mabakiteriya kapena mavairasi) yomwe ikuyenda m'magazi, ma lymphocyte a B amayatsidwa ndipo amagawika m'maselo a plasma omwe amapanga ma antibodies enaake.
– Ma T lymphocytes amagwira ntchito yowongolera chitetezo cha mthupi ndikupha maselo omwe ali ndi kachilomboka. Ma T lymphocytes amathandiza kugwirizanitsa "njira yowukira" ya thupi kudzera mu zizindikiro za mankhwala (cytokines), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chiziyankha bwino.
Chipolopolo choyera chilinso ndi mapangidwe ofanana ndi "ma follicle" komwe ma lymphocyte amasonkhana, amalumikizana, ndikufalikira akakumana ndi chiwopsezo. Chifukwa chake, ndulu imatha kuonedwa ngati imodzi mwa "likulu" la chitetezo chamthupi, kuyang'anira magazi ndikuyambitsa kupanga ma antibodies pakafunika kutero.
Ntchito ya dera la m'mphepete mwa nyanja: malo ozindikira mwachangu ma antigen
Pakati pa mphuno yofiira ndi mphuno yoyera pali malo a m'mphepete mwa thupi, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri pogwira ma antigen kuchokera m'magazi. Derali lili ndi maselo apadera a chitetezo chamthupi monga macrophages ndi maselo a dendritic, omwe amagwira, kukonza, ndikupereka ma antigen ku ma lymphocytes. Njira yowonetsera ma antigen iyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti chitetezo chamthupi chizindikire mdani.
Malo ozungulira thupi amakhalanso ndi gawo pa kuyankhidwa mwachangu kwa mabakiteriya ena, makamaka omwe ali ndi makapisozi (chophimba choteteza), monga Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mabakiteriya okhala ndi makapisozi ndi ovuta kuwazindikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ya ndulu powazindikira ndikuyambitsa kupanga ma antibodies ikhale yofunika kwambiri.
Ma macrophages a splenic: "odya" tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi oyeretsa zinyalala za maselo
Nkhumbayi ili ndi ma macrophages ambiri, maselo oteteza thupi omwe amagwira ntchito ngati owononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (phagocytosis). Ma macrophages omwe ali mu red pulp amatha kugwira mabakiteriya, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi tinthu tachilendo tomwe timayenda m'magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma macrophages amathandizanso kuchotsa zotsalira za maselo owonongeka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti thupi lisachite mopitirira muyeso ndi "zinyalala" za maselo.
Pankhani ya matenda, ma macrophage amapanganso ma cytokine omwe amakoka maselo ambiri oteteza thupi kumalo omwe kachilomboka kakufalikira ndipo amalimbikitsa kutupa komwe kumafunikira kuti amenyane ndi majeremusi. Mwanjira ina, ma splenic macrophage si oyeretsa okha komanso ndi owongolera kulumikizana pakati pa maselo oteteza thupi.
Nkhumba ndi mapangidwe a kukumbukira kwa chitetezo chamthupi
Chitetezo chamthupi chathanzi sichimangolimbana ndi matenda omwe alipo komanso chimakumbukira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tiyankhe mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu mtsogolo. Tsungu imathandizanso pakupanga maselo a kukumbukira B ndi T pambuyo poti ma antigen alowa. Maselo okumbukira awa amatha kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuthandiza thupi kuyankha bwino ngati tizilombo tomwe timayambitsa matendawa tibwereranso.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe katemera amagwirira ntchito: "amaphunzitsa" chitetezo cha mthupi kuti chikhale ndi chikumbukiro popanda kudwala matenda aakulu. Tsungu ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri komwe kulumikizana kwa chitetezo cha mthupi ndi kukumbukira kumachitika, makamaka ma antigen omwe amazungulira m'magazi.
Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani ngati ndulu yawonongeka kapena yachotsedwa?
Ngakhale kuti si chiwalo chokhacho choteteza ku matenda (lymph nodes, bone morrow, thymus, ndi minofu ina ya lymphoid nayonso imagwira ntchito), kutayika kwa ntchito ya ndulu kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu. Pazifukwa zina, monga kuvulala, matenda a magazi, kapena ndulu yokulirapo kwambiri, munthu angafunike kuchotsedwa kwa ndulu. Izi zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda ena, makamaka matenda oopsa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha mabakiteriya a capsular.
Anthu opanda ndulu amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha matenda akuluakulu omwe amatha kukula mofulumira. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri amalangizidwa kuti:
1. Katemera (monga pneumococcus, meningococcus, ndi Haemophilus influenzae type b).
2. Khalani tcheru ndi malungo (malungo adzidzidzi amafunika kuwunika mwachangu kwa dokotala).
3. Nthawi zina, kupewa maantibayotiki monga momwe dokotala akulangizira.
Kuwonjezera pa opaleshoni ya splenectomy, ndulu imatha kukula (splenomegaly) chifukwa cha matenda, matenda a chiwindi, kapena matenda a magazi. ndulu ikakula, ntchito yake imatha kusokonekera ndipo imatha kugwira maselo ambiri amagazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magazi asachepe kapena ma platelet achepe.
Momwe mungasungire thanzi la ndulu yonse
Palibe "zakudya zapadera" za ndulu yokha, koma kukhala ndi thanzi labwino kungathandize ndulu kugwira ntchito bwino. Njira zina zomwe mungachite ndi izi:
- Sungani ukhondo ndikupewa matenda kudzera mu katemera ndi makhalidwe abwino.
- Pewani kuvulala kwambiri pamimba yakumtunda kumanzere, makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi ndulu yotupa (monga matenda ena).
- Kuthana ndi matenda osatha (monga matenda a chiwindi) omwe angakhudze kukula ndi ntchito ya ndulu.
- Dziyezetseni nokha ngati mumatopa mosavuta, mukumva kufiira, mukumva mabala mosavuta, kapena mukumva kupweteka kosalekeza m'mimba yakumanzere.
Mapeto
Nkhumba ndi chiwalo chofunikira kwambiri m'thupi, chomwe chimasefa magazi, chimawononga maselo akale a magazi, chimazindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndikuyambitsa chitetezo cha mthupi kudzera mu ntchito ya ma lymphocytes ndi macrophages. Nkhumba yoyera imakhala pakati pa chitetezo chamthupi chosinthika, nkhumba yofiira imagwira ntchito yosefa ndi kubwezeretsanso maselo amagazi, ndipo malo ozungulira amathandiza kuzindikira mwachangu ma antigen. Ntchito ya nkhumba ikatayika kapena kuchepetsedwa, chiopsezo cha matenda—makamaka ochokera ku mabakiteriya ena—chimawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kupewa kudzera mu katemera ndi kudziwa zizindikiro za matenda kukhala kofunika kwambiri. Pomvetsetsa ntchito ya nkhumba, titha kuyamikira bwino ntchito yomwe chiwalochi chimagwira posunga chitetezo cha thupi tsiku ndi tsiku.
