Kufotokozera kwa Zivomezi za Fizikiki
Zivomezi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakambidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha momwe zimakhudzira miyoyo ya anthu. Malinga ndi maganizo a anthu, zivomezi sizimangochitika ngati "kugwedezeka kwa nthaka," koma chifukwa cha kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu zotanuka zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa mkati mwa nthaka ya Dziko Lapansi. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za zivomezi m'chinenero chosavuta kumva, pamene ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malingaliro a sayansi monga kupsinjika maganizo, kupsinjika maganizo, kusinthasintha maganizo, mafunde, kusinthasintha maganizo, ndi kutayika kwa mphamvu.
1. Dziko Lapansi monga dongosolo la makina losinthasintha
Mwachilengedwe, Dziko Lapansi likhoza kuonedwa ngati dongosolo lalikulu la makina lopangidwa ndi zigawo: pakatikati, chigoba, ndi chigoba. Chigoba cha Dziko Lapansi chimasweka kukhala mbale za tectonic zomwe "zimayandama" pa chigoba chapamwamba cha pulasitiki (asthenosphere). Ma mbale awa amayenda pang'onopang'ono—nthawi zambiri masentimita ochepa pachaka—koma kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kumeneku kumapanga mphamvu zazikulu chifukwa cha kulemera kwa mbalezo ndi malo akuluakulu olumikizirana.
Kusuntha kwa ma tectonic plates kumayambitsa kusonkhana kwa kupsinjika pamalire a ma plate kapena zolakwika mu crust. Pamene kupsinjika komwe kwasonkhanitsidwako kwapitirira kukana kwa thanthwe, kuphulika mwadzidzidzi kapena kusuntha kumachitika. Kusuntha kwadzidzidzi kumeneku ndi komwe timamva ngati chivomerezi.
2. Kupsinjika maganizo, kupsinjika, ndi mphamvu zotanuka
Mfundo ziwiri zofunika kwambiri za fiziki zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pomvetsetsa zivomezi ndi kupsinjika maganizo ndi kupsinjika maganizo.
- Kupsinjika maganizo ndi mphamvu pa gawo lililonse la chinthu, gawo lake ndi Pascal (Pa).
– Kupsinjika ndi kusintha kwa mawonekedwe kapena kutalika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kupsinjika (popanda mayunitsi).
Miyala yomwe ili mu nthaka ya Dziko lapansi imatha kukhala yotanuka pakapita nthawi: imasinthasintha mphamvu ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo imasinthidwa pang'ono mphamvu ikachotsedwa. Pamene mbale zikuyenda, miyala yozungulira zolakwika imavutika. Mphamvu ya makina imasungidwa ngati mphamvu yotanuka, mofanana ndi lamba wotambasulidwa kapena kasupe wopanikizika.
Mwachidule, mphamvu yokhazikika yosungidwa imawonjezeka pamene mphamvu ikuwonjezeka. Pamene malire a elastic a mwala apitirira, sungapirirenso kupsinjika; kulephera (kusweka) kapena kutsetsereka kumachitika m'mphepete mwa cholakwa. Panthawiyo, mphamvu yokhazikika imatulutsidwa mwadzidzidzi mu mawonekedwe a mafunde a chivomerezi, kutentha kwa kukangana, ndi kusintha kosatha.
3. Zolakwika, mphamvu zokangana, ndi chitsanzo cha "kutsetsereka ndi ndodo"
Chitsanzo chimodzi cha sayansi chomwe nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zivomerezi ndi kutsetsereka kwa ndodo. Tangoganizirani mabuloko awiri akukakamirana wina ndi mnzake ndi kukangana. Akakankhidwa pang'onopang'ono, mabuloko samayenda nthawi yomweyo chifukwa amalepheretsedwa ndi kukangana kosasinthasintha (ndodo). Mphamvu yokankhira imapitirira kuwonjezeka mpaka itapitirira malire apamwamba a kukangana kosasinthasintha, ndipo mabulokowo amatsetsereka mofulumira (kutsetsereka), zomwe zimapangitsa kugwedezeka.
Pa vuto, malo a miyala amalumikizana chifukwa cha kuuma ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu kwachibadwa. Ma plates amapitirira kusuntha, koma vutolo limatha kukhala "lotsekedwa" kwa zaka makumi mpaka mazana. Pomaliza pake likatuluka, kutsetsereka mwachangu kumachitika mkati mwa masekondi kapena mphindi. Kutsetsereka mwachangu kumeneku kumatulutsa mphamvu ngati mafunde a chivomerezi.
4. Kuyang'ana kwambiri, malo oyambira, ndi nthawi yodzidzimutsa
Malo oyamba kumene mphamvu imatulutsidwa amatchedwa hypocenter kapena focus, yomwe ndi malo omwe ali pansi pa pamwamba pomwe cholakwika chimayamba kuyenda. Malo omwe ali pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi pamwamba pa focus amatchedwa epicenter. Ngakhale kuti epicenter nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa m'nkhani, focus ndi yofunika kwambiri chifukwa kuya kwa focus kumakhudza kugawa kwa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka.
Pofuna kuyeza "kukula" kwa chivomerezi mwakuthupi, asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la nthawi ya chivomerezi, lomwe limagwirizana ndi:
- dera la ndege yolakwika lomwe lasuntha,
- kusuntha kwapakati (kutsetsereka)
- kulimba kwa miyala.
Nthawi ya chivomerezi imapanga maziko a miyeso yamakono ya kukula (monga, Mw). Kwenikweni, kukula sikungokhudza "momwe zimamvekera," koma m'malo mwake mphamvu yamakina yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kuphulika kwa mlengalenga.
5. Mafunde a chivomerezi: P, S, ndi mafunde a pamwamba
Mphamvu ya chivomerezi imafalikira ngati mafunde a chivomerezi. Mu fizikisi ya mafunde, izi zimafanana ndi mafunde omwe ali mu cholumikizira cholumikizira, koma ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a miyala.
1. Phiri la P (Phiri loyamba)
Mafunde awa ndi a longitudinal (compression-expansion), ngati mafunde a phokoso. Amayenda mofulumira kwambiri motero amafika koyamba pa seismograph. Mafunde a P amatha kuyenda kudzera mu zinthu zolimba ndi zamadzimadzi.
2. Mafunde a S (Mafunde achiwiri)
Mafunde ozungulira (omwe amameta) amakhala ochedwa kuposa mafunde a P. Mafunde a S amangodutsa mu zinthu zolimba zokha, chifukwa madzi sangathe kupirira kupsinjika kwa shear. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri potsimikizira kuti mkati mwa dziko lapansi ndi madzi.
3. Mafunde a pamwamba (Love ndi Rayleigh)
Mafunde amenewa amayenda pafupi ndi dziko lapansi ndipo nthawi zambiri amawononga kwambiri chifukwa kutalika kwawo kumatha kukhala kwakukulu komanso nthawi yawo yayitali. Mafunde a pamwamba amatha kuyambitsa mayendedwe ovuta a pansi: m'mbali, m'mwamba, komanso kuzungulira.
Liwiro la mafunde limadalira makhalidwe a chinthucho: kuchulukana, elastic modulus, ndi kapangidwe ka geological. Chifukwa chake, malo awiri osiyana amatha kugwedezeka mosiyana ngakhale atakhala mtunda wofanana kuchokera ku epicenter.
6. Kumveka bwino kwa nyumba ndi chifukwa chake nyumba zingagwe
Mu fizikisi, dongosolo limakhala ndi ma frequency achilengedwe. Nyumba sizisiyana. Mafunde a chivomerezi akafika pa frequency yofanana ndi ma frequency achilengedwe a nyumba, resonance imatha kuchitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugwedezeka kuchuluke kwambiri. Resonance iyi ikhoza kuwononga kwambiri, makamaka m'nyumba zomwe sizinapangidwe kuti zipirire zivomerezi.
Kupatula kusinthasintha kwa mawu, zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri ndi izi:
– nthawi ya chivomerezi (chikakhala chachitali, mphamvu imakula kulowa m'nyumbamo),
- kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa nthaka,
- khalidwe la zinthu ndi kapangidwe kake (monga kukhalapo kwa makoma odulidwa, mafelemu a nthawi, zosungunula maziko),
- momwe nthaka ilili.
Dothi lofewa monga malo otsetsereka amatha kukulitsa kugwedezeka (kukulitsa malo), pamene mafunde akuchepa ndipo kukula kwawo kumawonjezeka. Izi zikufanana ndi momwe mafunde amadzi amakwera akamalowa m'madzi osaya.
7. Kutulutsa madzi: pamene nthaka “itaya mphamvu”
Kuthira madzi ndi chitsanzo chosangalatsa cha momwe fizikisi ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi granular imagwirira ntchito. Mu nthaka yamchenga yodzaza ndi madzi, kugwedezeka kwa chivomerezi kumatha kuwonjezera kuthamanga kwa madzi m'mabowo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tinthu ta mchenga tisagwirizane bwino. Zotsatira zake, nthaka imachita ngati madzi: nyumba zimatha kupendekeka, kumira, kapena kusuntha. Kuthira madzi kumachitika osati chifukwa chakuti nthaka imasanduka madzi, koma chifukwa chakuti kupsinjika kogwira ntchito komwe kumagwirira kapangidwe ka tirigu kumachepa.
8. Tsunami chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka madzi
Zivomezi zina za pansi pa madzi zingayambitse ma tsunami ngati zingayambitse kusuntha kwakukulu kwa pansi pa nyanja. Mwakuthupi, tsunami ndi mafunde ataliatali m'nyanja, okhala ndi kutalika kwa mafunde a makilomita mazana ambiri. M'nyanja yakuya, kutalika kwake ndi kochepa mokwanira kuti kuzindikirike mosavuta, koma liwiro lake ndi lalikulu kwambiri (likhoza kukhala mazana a kilomita pa ola). Pamene ikuyandikira gombe, kuya kwake kumachepa, liwiro limachepa, ndipo mphamvu zimawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutalika kwa mafunde kukwere kwambiri.
9. Kuyeza ndi kupanga chitsanzo cha zivomerezi: seismographs ndi inversion physics
Zivomezi zimalembedwa ndi ma seismograph, zida zomwe zimazindikira kugwedezeka kwa nthaka. Mfundo yawo yogwirira ntchito imachokera pa inertia: misa imakonda kusunga momwe imayendera nthaka ikasuntha. Deta ya ma seismograph imasanthulidwa kuti idziwe komwe chivomezi chili, kuya kwake, momwe chimagwirira ntchito, ndi kuchuluka kwake.
Mu geophysics yamakono, njira zosinthira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: kuchokera ku zizindikiro za mafunde zolembedwa, asayansi "amasinthira" vuto la fizikisi kuti ayese magwero a chivomerezi ndi kapangidwe ka pansi pa nthaka. Izi zimaphatikiza ma equation a mafunde, chiphunzitso cha elasticity, ndi kuwerengera manambala.
10. Mapeto: zivomezi monga phunziro lokhudza mphamvu ndi mafunde
Kuchokera ku lingaliro la sayansi, chivomerezi ndi kutulutsa mphamvu yosungunuka yosungidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nthaka ya Dziko Lapansi. Mphamvu imeneyi imasandulika mafunde a chivomerezi omwe amafalikira kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyanjana ndi zomangamanga za geological, ndikukhudza nyumba kudzera mu kugwedezeka, kugwedezeka, ndi kuthamanga kwa nthaka. Kumvetsetsa sayansi ya chivomerezi si kungodziwa zamaphunziro okha: kumapereka maziko ofunikira kwambiri pochepetsa masoka, kukonzekera malo, komanso kapangidwe ka nyumba kotetezeka.
Kudzera mu sayansi ya zamoyo, timazindikira kuti zivomezi sizingapeweke, koma zoopsa zake zitha kuchepetsedwa. Tikamvetsetsa bwino momwe Dziko Lapansi limasungira ndi kutulutsa mphamvu, timakhala okonzeka bwino kukhala limodzi ndi kayendedwe ka dziko lapansi lomwe limasintha nthawi zonse.
