Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Fiziki mu Masewera
Masewera nthawi zambiri amamveka ngati zochitika zomwe zimadalira mphamvu ya minofu, kupirira, ndi njira zamasewera. Komabe, kumbuyo kwa kayendetsedwe ka wothamanga aliyense—kuyambira kuthamanga mofulumira mpaka kukankha kokhota mpaka kulumpha kwakukulu—pali malamulo a fizikisi omwe amagwira ntchito. Fizikisi imathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake mpira umazungulira ndikusintha njira, momwe wothamanga angalumphe mmwamba, kapena chifukwa chake malo ena a thupi amapangitsa kusambira kukhala kofulumira. Kumvetsetsa malingaliro a fizikisi mumasewera sikuti kungosangalatsa sayansi yokha komanso kopindulitsa pakukweza magwiridwe antchito, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuvulala, komanso kukonza njira zophunzitsira.
1. Malamulo a Newton ndi Kuyenda kwa Wothamanga
Malamulo a Newton ndi ofunikira kwambiri pomvetsetsa kuyenda mu masewera. Lamulo Loyamba la Newton (inertia) limafotokoza kuti chinthu chimakhalabe chilili kapena chikuyenda molunjika pokhapokha ngati mphamvu itachitapo kanthu. Pankhani ya masewera, mpira womwe ukugubuduzika pabwalo umapitirira kuyenda mpaka kukangana ndi kukana kwa mpweya zitasiya. Othamanga nawonso amakumana ndi vuto la kutopa akayamba kapena kuyimitsa kuyenda; ichi ndichifukwa chake othamanga amafunika kukankhidwa mwamphamvu kuchokera kumapazi awo kuti apumule ndikuyamba kuthamanga.
Lamulo Lachiwiri la Newton (F = m·a) limati kuthamanga kumadalira mphamvu ndi kulemera. Mwachitsanzo, pakukweza zolemera, mphamvu yomwe wothamanga amagwiritsa ntchito ikakhala yayikulu, kuthamanga kwa barbell kumakwera kwambiri. Komabe, kulemera kwa barbell kukakhala kwakukulu, mphamvu yomwe imafunika kuti ipange kuthamanga komweko. M'masewera monga rugby kapena mpira waku America, kulemera kwa thupi la wosewera kumakhudzanso kuthamanga ndi kukankha panthawi yothamanga kapena kugundana.
Lamulo Lachitatu la Newton (kuchitapo kanthu) limawonekera bwino podumpha. Wothamanga akakankha pansi ndi mphamvu inayake, nthaka imakhala ndi mphamvu yofanana koma yosiyana, zomwe zimamuyendetsa mmwamba. Mphamvu ikakula komanso momwe akukankhira, mphamvu yokweza thupi imakulanso.
2. Kugwedezeka ndi Kuthamanga mu Kugundana ndi Kugundana
Mphamvu ya mpira ndi zotsatira za kulemera ndi liwiro (p = m·v). M'masewera ambiri, mphamvu ya mpira imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuyenda bwino kwa mpira. Mwachitsanzo, wosewera mpira wa bowler amapanga kuponya kwamphamvu pamene mpira uli ndi liwiro lalikulu komanso kulemera kokwanira. Mu mpira wamiyendo, mphamvu ya phazi lokhadzula imatsimikizira momwe mpirawo umayendera mwachangu.
Mphamvu yamagetsi imakhudzana ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu yamagetsi (I = F Δt). Mu kuwombera tenisi kapena badminton, kuwonjezera nthawi yolumikizirana ya racket ndi mpira/shuttlecock (ngakhale pang'ono chabe) kumatha kuwonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa mpira/shuttlecock kuyenda mwachangu. Lingaliroli limafotokozanso chifukwa chake magolovesi a nkhonya amagwiritsidwa ntchito: amawonjezera nthawi yolumikizirana ya kuwombera, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba, kuthandiza kuchepetsa kuvulala.
3. Mphamvu, Ntchito, ndi Mphamvu mu Kugwira Ntchito
Mu fizikisi, ntchito imachitika pamene mphamvu imayambitsa kusuntha (W = F·s). Pakukwera njinga, wothamanga amachita ntchito akamapala njinga kuti asunthire patsogolo. Mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimatha kuchokera ku mphamvu ya mankhwala m'thupi, yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina.
Mphamvu ya kinetic (Ek = ½ m v²) imawonjezeka kwambiri pamene liwiro likuwonjezeka chifukwa zimatengera sikweya ya liwiro. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuwonjezeka pang'ono kwa liwiro lothamanga kungayambitse kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu. Mphamvu yokoka (Ep = m g h) imawonekera mu kulumpha kwakukulu ndi kukwera miyala, komwe othamanga "amasunga" mphamvu ngati kutalika.
Mphamvu ndi liwiro la ntchito (P = W/t). Mu kuthamanga kwa mamita 100, othamanga amafunika mphamvu zambiri kuti apange kuthamanga kwakukulu munthawi yochepa. Pakadali pano, mu marathon, mphamvu yapakati ikhoza kukhala yotsika koma iyenera kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Kusiyana kumeneku kwa mphamvu zomwe zimafunika kufotokozedwa kukufotokoza kusiyana kwa thupi ndi maphunziro pakati pa othamanga ndi othamanga mtunda wautali.
4. Aerodynamics: Kukana Mpweya ndi Malo a Thupi
Kukana mpweya (kukoka) ndikofunikira kwambiri pamasewera othamanga kwambiri monga kukwera njinga, kuthamanga, kutsetsereka pa ski, kapena kuthamanga pagalimoto. Kukoka kumakhudzidwa ndi mawonekedwe a thupi, malo opingasa, ndi liwiro. Oyendetsa njinga nthawi zambiri amawerama ndikufinya matupi awo kuti achepetse malo opingasa ndikupanga mpweya wabwino.
Zovala zamasewera zimapangidwanso kuti zizitha kuyenda bwino. Mwachitsanzo, posambira mopikisana, zovala zosambira zimapangidwa makamaka kuti zichepetse kukoka ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito ku zipewa za njinga ndi nsapato zothamanga, zomwe zimapangidwa makamaka kuti zichepetse kutaya mphamvu.
5. Mphamvu ya Magnus: Kuzungulira ndi Kutembenuza Mpira
Kodi mudawonapo free kick mu mpira wokhota kwambiri, kapena mpira wa tenisi "ukumira" mutamenyedwa ndi topspin? Chochitikachi chimafotokozedwa ndi Magnus effect. Mpira ukazungulira, mpweya womwe uli mbali imodzi ya mpira umayenda mofulumira kuposa inzake, zomwe zimapangitsa kusiyana kwa kupanikizika. Kusiyana kumeneku kumapanga mphamvu yomwe imaletsa njira ya mpira.
Mu mpira wamiyendo, kuzunguza mpira kumathandiza kuti ukhote khoma. Mu tenisi, kuzunguza mpira kumapereka mphamvu yotsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpirawo utsike mofulumira ndikudumphadumpha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa mdani. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuzunguza mpira kumbuyo kungapangitse mpirawo kuuluka motalika ndikudumphadumpha pansi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa mu slice shots.
6. Kuponya Ngodya ndi Kuyenda Kwa Parabolic
Masewera ambiri amaphatikizapo kuyenda kwa parabolic (kuponya mivi), monga kuponya mivi, kuwombera, basketball, ndi mpira. Mwanjira ina, popanda kukana mpweya, ngodya ya madigiri 45 imapereka mtunda waukulu kwambiri pa liwiro loyambirira. Komabe, m'mikhalidwe yeniyeni, zinthu monga kutalika koyambira, kukana mpweya, ndi njira yotulutsira zimatha kusiyana.
Mu basketball, osewera ayenera kusintha ngodya yawo yowombera kuti apange mzere woyenera kuti akhale ndi mwayi waukulu wogunda m'basiketi. Mzere waukulu ukakhala waukulu, zenera loti mpira ulowe limakula, koma limafuna kulamulira bwino mphamvu.
7. Kukangana: Chinsinsi cha Kugwira Ntchito ndi Kulamulira
Kukangana kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamasewera ambiri. Nsapato za mpira zimagwiritsa ntchito ma stud kuti ziwonjezere kukangana ndi nthaka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti osewera asaterereke akamathamanga ndi kutembenuka. Mu masewera othamanga, nsapato za othamanga zimathandiza kugwira bwino msewu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukankhira kumbuyo kukhale kothandiza kwambiri popanga liwiro la kutsogolo.
Kumbali ina, masewera ena cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kukangana. Kuseŵera pa ski ndi ayezi kumagwiritsa ntchito malo oterera kuti othamanga azitha kutsetsereka mwachangu. Posambira, cholinga chachikulu ndi kuchepetsa kukangana ndi madzi, zomwe zimathandiza thupi kuyenda ndi mphamvu zochepa.
8. Kulinganiza, Pakati pa Misa, ndi Kukhazikika
Kukhazikika kwa thupi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi malo a pakati pa misa ndi malo othandizira. Mu masewera olimbitsa thupi a pansi, othamanga amalamulira pakati pa misa yawo kuti akhale pamwamba pa malo othandizira panthawi yoika kapena kutera. Mu masewera a wrestling ndi judo, kugwetsa mdani nthawi zambiri kumachitika mwa kusuntha pakati pa misa yawo kuchokera pamalo othandizira, kuwachotsa pamlingo woyenera.
Mu masewera monga kukwera skateboarding kapena kusefa, kukhazikika kumakhudzidwa ndi luso la wothamanga kusuntha pakati pa misa mwachangu kuti asinthe mphamvu kuchokera pa bolodi ndi pamwamba.
Kutseka
Kugwiritsa ntchito fizikisi mu masewera sikuti ndi chiphunzitso chokha m'mabuku, koma zenizeni zomwe zimapezeka mu masewera aliwonse ndi maphunziro. Malamulo a Newton amafotokoza kayendedwe ndi mphamvu, kukhudzika ndi mphamvu zimafotokoza zotsatira ndi kugundana, malingaliro a mphamvu ndi mphamvu zimasonyeza zofunikira pakuchita bwino, pomwe aerodynamics, Magnus effect, parabolic motion, friction, ndi equilibrium zimathandiza kumvetsetsa bwino njira. Pomvetsetsa fizikisi, othamanga ndi aphunzitsi amatha kukonza njira, kukonza njira, kusankha zida zoyenera, ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuvulala. Pamapeto pake, masewera ndi umboni wakuti sayansi ndi luso la anthu zimatha kuphatikizana kuti apange magwiridwe antchito apadera.
