Kodi Chiyanjano cha Nthawi n'chiyani?
Nthawi zambiri timaganiza za nthawi ngati chinthu chokhazikika: sekondi imodzi ku Jakarta ndi yofanana ndi sekondi imodzi ku London, ndipo wotchi iliyonse "imathamanga" mwanjira yomweyo kulikonse. Komabe, sayansi yamakono ikuwonetsa kuti lingaliro ili silowona konse. Pazifukwa zina, nthawi imatha "kuthamanga" pang'onopang'ono kapena mwachangu kutengera liwiro ndi mphamvu yokoka. Lingaliro ili limadziwika kuti ubale wa nthawi - lingaliro lofunika kwambiri mu chiphunzitso cha Albert Einstein cha ubale womwe unasintha momwe anthu amamvetsetsera chilengedwe.
Nthawi: Yokwanira Kapena Yachibale?
Einstein asanayambe, lingaliro lodziwika bwino mu fizikisi (makamaka fizikisi ya Newtonian) linkanena kuti nthawi inali yofanana kwa onse owonera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati anthu awiri awona chochitika chimodzi, amagwirizana pa nthawi yomwe idatenga.
Einstein anasintha lingaliro limeneli. Anasonyeza kuti kuyeza nthawi kumadalira momwe wowonera alili—makamaka liwiro la wowonerayo ndi mphamvu yokoka yomwe wowonerayo ali. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, palibe "wotchi ya cosmic" yomwe imagwira ntchito mofanana pa chilengedwe chonse. Chomwe chilipo ndi nthawi yomwe imayesedwa ndi wotchi ya wowonera aliyense, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa nthawi yoyenera.
Kugwirizana Kwapadera: Nthawi Imachepa Chifukwa cha Liwiro
Kugwirizana kwa nthawi kunafotokozedwa koyamba mwadongosolo mu Special Theory of Relativity (1905). Chiphunzitsochi chimagwira ntchito tikamaganizira kuti owonera akuyenda mothamanga (osati mofulumira) ndipo sichikhudza mphamvu yokoka mwachindunji.
Einstein anayamba ndi mfundo ziwiri zofunika:
1. Malamulo a sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi ofanana kwa owonera onse omwe akuyenda molunjika pa liwiro losasintha.
2. Liwiro la kuwala mu vacuum nthawi zonse limakhala losasintha (pafupifupi 299.792.458 m/s) kwa owonera onse, mosasamala kanthu kuti gwero la kuwala kapena wowonera akuyenda mofulumira bwanji.
Ma postulates awiriwa amabweretsa zotsatira zodabwitsa: ngati liwiro la kuwala liyenera kukhala lofanana kwa aliyense, ndiye kuti kukula kwa malo ndi nthawi kuyenera "kusintha." Chimodzi mwa zotsatira zodziwika bwino ndi kukulitsa nthawi, komwe nthawi yomwe imayesedwa ndi wowonera woyenda imawoneka kuti ikupita pang'onopang'ono kuposa nthawi yomwe imayesedwa ndi wowonera wosakhazikika.
Mwachidule, ngati munthu akuyenda mofulumira kwambiri, akuyandikira liwiro la kuwala, wotchi yake imathamanga pang'onopang'ono kuposa wotchi ya munthu wosakhazikika. Izi zimakhala zochepa kwambiri pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa liwiro lathu silili kutali ndi liwiro la kuwala, koma limakhala lofunika kwambiri pa liwiro lalikulu kwambiri.
Chitsanzo Chodziwikiratu: Chodabwitsa cha Mapasa
Njira imodzi yotchuka yomvetsetsa ubale wa nthawi ndi nkhani yotsutsana ndi mapasa. Tangoganizirani mapasa awiri. Mmodzi akutsala padziko lapansi, pomwe winayo akukwera chombo cha m'mlengalenga chomwe chikuyenda pafupi ndi liwiro la kuwala ndikubwerera ku Dziko lapansi. Malinga ndi ubale wapadera, mapasa omwe adayenda adzakhala ndi nthawi yochepa—kutanthauza kuti akabwerera, adzakhala wamng'ono kuposa amene adakhala padziko lapansi.
Zimatchedwa "zosokoneza" chifukwa zikuwoneka kuti sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika: kodi aliyense sayenera kudziona kuti ali pampando pomwe winayo akusuntha? Yankho lake limaphatikizapo mfundo yakuti mapasa oyendayenda amakumana ndi kuthamanga akamabwerera m'mbuyo, kotero mawonekedwe awo samakhala osakhazikika nthawi zonse (osati nthawi zonse amayenda molunjika pa liwiro losasintha). Zotsatira zake: kusiyana kwa zaka kulipo.
Kugwirizana Kwambiri: Mphamvu Yokoka Imakhudzanso Nthawi
Patatha zaka khumi kuchokera pamene zinthu zina zimagwirizana kwambiri, Einstein anawonjezera mfundo zake mu General Theory of Relativity (1915). Chiphunzitsochi chimafotokoza mphamvu yokoka osati ngati mphamvu monga momwe zinalili mu Newton, koma chifukwa cha kupindika kwa nthawi yamlengalenga ndi kulemera ndi mphamvu.
Kawirikawiri, nthawi ndi yofanana—koma nthawi ino chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka. Mphamvu yokoka ikakhala yolimba (mwachitsanzo, mukayandikira chinthu chachikulu monga dziko lapansi, nyenyezi, kapena dzenje lakuda), nthawi imapita pang'onopang'ono poyerekeza ndi malo omwe ali ndi mphamvu yokoka yofooka.
Chochitikachi chimatchedwa kukula kwa nthawi yokoka. Zotsatira zake n'zochititsa chidwi: munthu amene ali padziko lapansi (mphamvu yokoka) adzakumana ndi nthawi pang'ono pang'ono kuposa munthu amene ali mumlengalenga wapamwamba (mphamvu yokoka). Kusiyana kumeneku ndi kochepa, koma kumatha kuyezedwa ndi mawotchi olondola kwambiri a atomu.
Umboni Weniweni: Mawotchi a GPS ndi Atomiki
Kugwirizana kwa nthawi si chiphunzitso chongoganizira chabe. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zothandiza kwambiri ndi Global Positioning System (GPS). Ma satellite a GPS amazungulira Dziko Lapansi pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 20.000 pa liwiro lalikulu ndipo ali mu gawo lofooka la mphamvu yokoka kuposa pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi. Zotsatira ziwiri zimachitika nthawi imodzi:
– Popeza satelayiti ikuyenda mofulumira, ubale wapadera umapangitsa kuti wotchi ya satelayiti iyende pang'onopang'ono.
– Popeza satelayiti ili ndi mphamvu yokoka yofooka, kugwirizana kwa zinthu kumapangitsa kuti wotchi ya satelayiti iziyenda mofulumira.
Ngati sizikukonzedwa, kusiyana kochepa kwa nthawi kumeneku kudzasonkhana ndikuyambitsa zolakwika za malo a GPS zomwe zimatha kufika makilomita angapo patsiku. Zoona zake n'zakuti, machitidwe a GPS amaphatikizapo kusintha kwa relativistic kuti asunge kuyenda kolondola. Ichi ndi chitsanzo champhamvu cha udindo womwe relativity imachita muukadaulo wamakono.
Kodi Izi Zikutanthauza Kuti “Kuyenda Pa Nthawi” N’kotheka?
Anthu akamamva kuti nthawi imatha kuyenda mosiyana, funso lomwe nthawi zambiri limabuka ndi lokhudza kuyenda kwa nthawi. Pamlingo wina, "kuyenda kupita mtsogolo" ndizotheka mwakuthupi: ngati muyenda mwachangu kwambiri kapena muli pafupi ndi malo amphamvu yokoka, mutha kukhala ndi nthawi yochepa kuposa wina, kenako n’kubwerera n’kupeza kuti ali patsogolo mtsogolo.
Komabe, kuyenda kwa nthawi n'kovuta kwambiri ndipo kumakhalabe gawo longoganizira. Mayankho ena a masamu pankhani yokhudzana ndi ubale amalola mapangidwe "achilendo" a malo ndi nthawi (monga ma wormholes ena), koma ngati ndizotheka m'chilengedwe, okhazikika, komanso osaphwanya mfundo zina zakuthupi sikudziwika bwino. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti ubale wa nthawi umatsegula chitseko cha zokambirana zokhudza kuyenda kwa nthawi, sizitanthauza kuti makina a nthawi ndi omwe ali m'nkhani zongopeka za sayansi.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Kugwirizana kwa Nthawi Kumachitika?
Chofunika kwambiri pa ubale wa nthawi ndichakuti malo ndi nthawi si magawo osasinthasintha. Zimapanga chinthu chimodzi: nthawi ya danga. Mukayenda mofulumira, "mumafufuza" nthawi ya danga m'njira yosiyana. Mukakhala mu mphamvu yokoka, nsalu ya nthawi ya danga imapotoka, ndikusintha liwiro la nthawi.
Mwachidule, chilengedwe chimasunga kusinthasintha kwa malamulo a sayansi ya zakuthambo (monga liwiro losasintha la kuwala) mwa "kusinthana" momwe malo ndi nthawi zimayezedwera ndi owonera osiyanasiyana. Zotsatira zake zikuwoneka zachilendo chifukwa chidziwitso chathu chimakula pa liwiro lochepa komanso mphamvu yokoka pang'ono, osati pa sikelo ya cosmic.
Kutseka
Kugwirizana kwa nthawi ndi lingaliro lakuti nthawi si nthawi zonse imakhala yofanana kwa aliyense. Zimatengera liwiro ndi mphamvu yokoka. Lingaliroli limachokera ku malingaliro apadera komanso odziwika bwino a Einstein okhudza kugwirizana, ndipo lawonetsedwa kudzera mu zoyeserera ndi ntchito zaukadaulo monga GPS. Kugwirizana kwa nthawi kumatikumbutsa kuti zenizeni zenizeni nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachilendo kuposa momwe tingayembekezere—ndipo kumvetsetsa kwasayansi kumatha kusintha chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe timachizindikira: kuyenda kwa nthawi yokha.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kupanganso mtundu wotchuka kwambiri (wamba) wa nkhaniyi kapena mtundu wasayansi wokhala ndi njira zochepetsera nthawi ndi zitsanzo zowerengera.
