Chiphunzitso cha Aristotle cha Chimwemwe
Chimwemwe ndi mutu womwe nthawi zambiri umapezeka m'makambirano a anthu: anthu amachitsatira kudzera mu ntchito, maubwenzi, chuma, kuzindikirika, kapena zokumana nazo zosangalatsa. Komabe, katswiri wakale wafilosofi wachigiriki Aristotle (384–322 BC) akutipempha kuti tifunse funso lofunika kwambiri: kodi chimwemwe ndi chiyani kwenikweni, ndipo tiyenera kukhala bwanji kuti tichipeze? Mu ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri, Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle adapanga imodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu kwambiri za chisangalalo m'mbiri ya filosofi. Iye adatanthauzira chisangalalo osati ngati kumverera kwakanthawi, koma ngati khalidwe lathunthu la moyo—moyo “wopambana” womwe umakhala mogwirizana ndi chibadwa cha munthu.
Chimwemwe monga cholinga chachikulu (telos)
Malinga ndi Aristotle, zochita zonse za munthu zimayang'ana pa cholinga. Timaphunzira kuti tipeze chidziwitso, tigwire ntchito kuti tipeze zofunika pa moyo, komanso tizichita masewera olimbitsa thupi kuti tikhale ndi thanzi labwino. Koma zolinga zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimakhala njira zina. Funso ndi lakuti: kodi pali cholinga chachikulu chomwe chimafunidwa chifukwa cha cholinga chake, osati chifukwa cha chinthu china? Aristotle anayankha kuti inde, ndipo anachitcha kuti eudaimonia, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimamasuliridwa kuti "chimwemwe," "ubwino," kapena "moyo watanthauzo."
Eudaimonia ndi cholinga chachikulu chifukwa chilichonse chomwe timatsata cholinga chake ndi kupangitsa miyoyo yathu kukhala yabwino. Mwachitsanzo, chuma sichimafunidwa kuti chingosonkhanitsa mfundo, koma kuti chikhale ndi moyo wotetezeka, wabwino, kapena wolemekezeka. Chisangalalo nthawi zambiri chimafunidwa kuti moyo ukhale wabwino. Koma kwa Aristotle, eudaimonia si kungomva bwino chabe—ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe chimayesedwa ndi moyo wa munthu.
Eudaimonia si malingaliro chabe
Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa Aristotle ndi kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa chisangalalo ndi uku: chisangalalo si nkhani yokhudza momwe munthu akumvera. Munthu akhoza kumva wachimwemwe lero ndi kukhala wachisoni mawa. Ngati chisangalalo chinali kungomva chisoni, ndiye kuti kukhala ndi moyo wabwino kumadalira kusinthasintha kwa malingaliro ndi mwayi. Aristotle anakana izi. Iye ankaona kuti eudaimonia ndi yokhazikika komanso yolunjika: chisangalalo ndi ntchito ya mzimu mogwirizana ndi khalidwe labwino (arete) m'moyo wabwino.
Chiganizo ichi n'chofunika. Choyamba, chimwemwe ndi ntchito, osati mkhalidwe wosachitapo kanthu. Chachiwiri, ntchito imeneyo iyenera kukhala yogwirizana ndi khalidwe labwino kapena ubwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu osangalala si "mwayi" chabe, koma ndi omwe amakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino m'miyoyo yawo.
Mtsutso wa ntchito: chibadwa cha munthu ndi chifukwa
Pofuna kufotokoza chifukwa chake chimwemwe chimagwirizana ndi khalidwe labwino, Aristotle anagwiritsa ntchito zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa mfundo ya ntchito. Anayamba ndi lingaliro lakuti chinthu chimaonedwa kuti ndi chabwino ngati chikugwira ntchito yake bwino. Mpeni wabwino ndi umene umadula bwino. Woimba nyimbo wabwino ndi amene amasewera nyimbo bwino. Ndiye, kodi "ntchito" yeniyeni ya anthu ndi iti?
Aristotle anati, anthu ali ndi zofanana zambiri ndi zamoyo zina: timakula ngati zomera ndipo timakhala ndi zilakolako ndi malingaliro ngati nyama. Koma pali mphamvu imodzi yapadera: kulingalira (chiŵerengero). Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya anthu ndikukhala moyo wotsogozedwa ndi kulingalira. Chifukwa chake, moyo wa munthu udzakhala "wabwino" kulingalira kukagwira ntchito bwino—ndipo ndicho chimene chimachitika tikakhala ndi khalidwe labwino.
Ubwino (arete): khalidwe labwino komanso lanzeru
Aristotle amagawa ubwino m'magulu awiri akuluakulu:
1. Makhalidwe abwino: okhudzana ndi khalidwe, malingaliro, ndi zizolowezi zochita, monga kulimba mtima, kudziletsa, kuwolowa manja, ndi chilungamo.
2. Makhalidwe abwino a nzeru: okhudzana ndi njira zoganizira ndi choonadi, monga nzeru, kumvetsetsa, ndi luntha lochita zinthu.
Makhalidwe abwino samangobwera okha. Aristotle anagogomezera udindo wa chizolowezi. Timakhala olungama mwa kuchita zinthu zolungama mobwerezabwereza; timakhala olimba mtima mwa kuchita zinthu zoyenera poopa; timakhala owolowa manja mwa kupereka moyenera chizolowezi. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, khalidwe ndi zotsatira za maphunziro, machitidwe, ndi zisankho zokhazikika.
Njira yapakati (chiphunzitso cha pakati)
Limodzi mwa malingaliro odziwika kwambiri a Aristotle ndi chiphunzitso cha njira yapakati: khalidwe labwino nthawi zambiri limakhala pakati pa zinthu ziwiri zosayenera, zomwe ndi kusowa ndi kupitirira muyeso. Mwachitsanzo:
– Kulimba mtima ndi njira yapakati pakati pa mantha (kusowa kulimba mtima) ndi kusasamala (kupitirira muyeso).
- Kupatsa ndi njira yapakati pakati pa dyera ndi kusadziletsa.
- Kudziletsa ndi njira yapakati pakati pa kusadziletsa ndi kusasangalala.
Koma "pakati" pano sikutanthauza nthawi zonse kukhala pakati pa masamu. Malo apakati ndi ofanana ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Kupereka ndalama zokwana 100,000 za rupiah kungakhale kopatsa munthu mmodzi, koma kungakhale kosafunikira kwa wina. Chifukwa chake, khalidwe labwino limafuna chiweruzo choyenera: nthawi, motani, kwa ndani, komanso mpaka pati pamene chinthu chachitika.
Udindo wa phronesis: nzeru zothandiza
Apa ndi pomwe phronesis (nzeru zothandiza) imakhala yofunika kwambiri. Aristotle anazindikira kuti kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino sikungatheke ndi malamulo okhwima okha. Tikufunika luso lofufuza zinthu zenizeni: kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika, kuganizira zotsatira zake, kuwerenga malingaliro, ndikusankha zochita zomwe zikugwirizana ndi cholinga cha moyo wabwino.
Popanda phronesis, munthu akhoza “kuoneka wabwino” koma kwenikweni n’kulakwitsa: mwachitsanzo, kupereka thandizo popanda kumvetsa tanthauzo lake, kapena kunena zoona popanda kuganizira nthawi ndi njira yoperekera, motero kuvulaza ena mosafunikira. Malinga ndi maganizo a Aristotle, chimwemwe chimachokera ku khalidwe labwino ndi nzeru zogwira ntchito zokhwima.
Chimwemwe chimafuna moyo wodzaza ndi anthu komanso gulu lonse.
Aristotle anagogomezera kuti eudaimonia ndi mkhalidwe womwe ungayesedwe m'moyo wonse, osati ndi nthawi zinazake. Munthu sangaonedwe ngati wachimwemwe chifukwa chakuti wapambana lerolino, chifukwa moyo umasintha. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti chisangalalo n'chosatheka, koma m'malo mwake chisangalalo ndi kupambana kwathunthu, komwe kumaonekera m'njira ya moyo ndi kukhazikika kwa khalidwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, Aristotle ankaona anthu ngati anthu okonda kucheza ndi anthu (zoon politikon). Timafunikira ena kuti timange makhalidwe abwino: banja, ubwenzi, maphunziro, ndi moyo wa anthu wamba. Chifukwa chake, chimwemwe sichingakhale chaumwini wokha. Anagogomezeranso kwambiri ubwenzi (philia) ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa moyo wabwino: ubwenzi wabwino umatithandiza kukula, kukonzana wina ndi mnzake, ndikupeza tanthauzo la moyo pamodzi.
Zinthu zakunja: mwayi udakali ndi gawo
Ngakhale kuti chimwemwe chimadalira kwambiri khalidwe labwino, Aristotle sananyalanyaze mphamvu ya zinthu zakunja. Thanzi, chitetezo, ubwino wa zachuma, ndi mikhalidwe ya anthu ndi ndale zingathandize kapena kulepheretsa moyo wabwino. Ngakhale anthu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri amatha kuvutika kwambiri chifukwa cha tsoka kapena kuponderezedwa. Komabe, udindo wa zinthu zakunja suchotsa tanthauzo la chiphunzitso chake: chimwemwe chimachokera kwambiri pa momwe timakhalira ndi momwe timapangira khalidwe lathu, osati m'zosangalatsa zakanthawi kochepa.
Kuganizira ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri
Kumapeto kwa Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle akunena kuti mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa eudaimonia ndi moyo woganizira (theoria), ntchito yoganiza ndi kumvetsetsa choonadi mozama. Izi zikugwirizana ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri anzeru. Komabe, sanyalanyaza makhalidwe abwino; moyo wa anthu ndi machitidwe abwino akadali ofunikira. Owerenga ambiri amatsimikiza kuti Aristotle amapereka njira zosiyanasiyana: moyo wabwino umaphatikizapo machitidwe abwino, ubwenzi, kuchita nawo zinthu pagulu, komanso—pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri—ntchito zanzeru zomwe zimalemeretsa moyo.
Kufunika kwa moyo wamakono
Chiphunzitso cha Aristotle cha chisangalalo chikadali chofunikira chifukwa chimasuntha chidwi kuchokera pa "zomwe ndimapeza" kupita ku "mtundu wa munthu amene ndimakhala." M'dziko lothamanga, chisangalalo nthawi zambiri chimaonedwa ngati cholinga: tchuthi, chinthu chatsopano, kapena kukwaniritsa zinazake. Aristotle amatikumbutsa kuti chisangalalo chili ngati ntchito ya moyo wonse: kukhala ndi zizolowezi zabwino, kuwongolera malingaliro, kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru popanga zisankho zoyenera, ndikukhala ndi moyo watanthauzo ndi ena.
Pomaliza pake, malinga ndi Aristotle, chimwemwe si mphatso yobwera nthawi yomweyo, koma zotsatira za moyo wokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino. Eudaimonia ndi mkhalidwe umene munthu samangopeza moyo wosangalatsa komanso amakhala ndi moyo wabwino—mogwirizana ndi chibadwa cha munthu monga anthu anzeru, amakhalidwe abwino, komanso okonda anthu. Motero, chimwemwe sichimafunidwanso kokha, koma chimapangidwa kudzera mu zisankho za tsiku ndi tsiku.
