Kutsutsa kwa Plato pa Demokalase
Demokalase nthawi zambiri imaonedwa ngati boma lolungama kwambiri chifukwa limalola nzika kutenga nawo mbali ndipo limaika ulamuliro m'manja mwa anthu. Komabe, kale kwambiri demokalase yamakono isanayambe, Plato anatsutsa kwambiri dongosololi. M'mabuku ake—makamaka Politeia (Republic)—Plato sanangokayikira mphamvu ya demokalase komanso ananena kuti inali ndi mbewu za chiwonongeko mkati. Kutsutsa kwake kunachokera ku zomwe zinachitika ku Atene, kuchokera ku kukhumudwa kwake ndi machitidwe andale odzaza ndi mawu olankhulidwa, komanso kuchokera ku chikhulupiriro chake chakuti boma liyenera kutsogozedwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi nzeru zambiri.
Chiyambi cha Kutsutsa: Zochitika za ku Atene ndi Imfa ya Socrates
Plato ankakhala mu nthawi yovuta yandale ku Atene. Atene amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa anthu oyamba kukhazikitsa demokalase mwachindunji, komwe nzika (ndi zoletsa zina: palibe akapolo, palibe akazi, palibe othawa kwawo) zinatenga nawo mbali popanga mfundo kudzera mu msonkhano. Komabe, demokalase ya Atene inakumananso ndi zovuta, nkhondo, mikangano ya magulu, ndi zisankho zandale zomwe nthawi zambiri zinkasinthasintha malinga ndi malingaliro a anthu ambiri.
Chochitika choopsa kwambiri kwa Plato chinali kuphedwa kwa Socrates mu 399 BC. Socrates—mphunzitsi wa Plato—anazengedwa mlandu pa milandu ya “kuipitsa achinyamata” ndi “kusalemekeza milungu ya mzindawo.” Kwa Plato, imfa ya Socrates inasonyeza kuopsa kwa maganizo a anthu ambiri ndi malingaliro a anthu ambiri otsutsa anthu anzeru opanda chidziwitso chokwanira. Izi zinapangitsa kuti atsimikize kuti: zisankho zandale zomwe anthu ambiri amapanga zimakhudzidwa mosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti demokalase ikhale yosalungama ngakhale itanena kuti ikuchita zinthu m'dzina la anthu.
Demokalase monga Boma Lokhazikika pa Chilakolako, Osati Chidziwitso
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Plato anatsutsa chinali chakuti demokalase imakonda kuika patsogolo chilakolako kuposa chidziwitso (nzeru). Mu The Republic, Plato amasiyanitsa pakati pa chidziwitso chenicheni cha Zabwino ndi lingaliro chabe. Iye anati mfundo za boma zimakhudza nkhani zovuta: chilungamo, maphunziro, nkhondo, zachuma, ndi makhalidwe abwino. Ngati zisankho zofunika zisiyidwa kwa anthu osaphunzitsidwa—kapena osaphunzira mokwanira—anthu, boma lidzatsogoleredwa ndi malingaliro osasinthasintha.
Plato ankakhulupirira kuti mtsogoleri wabwino ayenera kukhala ndi luso komanso makhalidwe abwino, osati kutchuka kokha. Komabe, demokalase imatsegula mwayi waukulu kwa anthu omwe ali ndi luso lokopa anthu ambiri. Zotsatira zake, atsogoleri amasankhidwa osati chifukwa cha luso lawo lolamulira, koma chifukwa cha luso lawo losangalatsa anthu onse komanso kusintha malingaliro awo.
Kutsutsa kwa Rhetoric ndi Demagogy
Plato anali kukayikira kwambiri mawu olankhulidwa pandale. Mu demokalase, luso lolankhula pagulu lingakhale chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti munthu apeze mphamvu. Vuto ndilakuti, mawu olankhulidwa nthawi zonse samakhala oona. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupukuta mabodza kuti awoneke ngati oona, kapena kupanga mfundo zoipa ngati zothandiza.
Mu dongosololi, Plato adawona kukwera kwa anthu odzikuza—anthu omwe amati amaimira anthu koma kwenikweni amawagwiritsa ntchito kuti apeze mphamvu zawo. Anthu odzikuza sayenera kukhala atsogoleri anzeru; amangofunika kukhala “ambuye a siteji” omwe angathe kupanga adani wamba, kugulitsa chiyembekezo, ndikulonjeza kukhutira nthawi yomweyo. Kwa Plato, demokalase imapereka malo abwino kwa andale amtunduwu, chifukwa kupambana kumadalira kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu ambiri, osati makhalidwe abwino ndi nzeru.
Ufulu Wopitirira Muyeso ndi Kutayika kwa Dongosolo
Demokalase nthawi zambiri imayamikiridwa chifukwa chosunga ufulu. Plato sanakane ufulu ngati chinthu chofunika, koma anakayikira lingaliro la ufulu wopanda malire. Mu The Republic (Buku VIII), Plato akufotokoza demokalase ngati boma lomwe limalambira ufulu mpaka pamapeto pake litakhala chisokonezo. Aliyense amafuna kukhala mogwirizana ndi zomwe amakonda; malamulo amaonedwa kuti ndi olowerera; chilango chimaonedwa ngati kupondereza.
Ufulu ukamveka ngati "kuloledwa kuchita chilichonse," mabungwe omwe amasunga bata amakhala ofooka. Anthu amavutika kuvomereza mfundo zosasangalatsa, ngakhale pakufunika. Maphunziro amatha kutaya njira yake pamene ulamuliro wamakhalidwe abwino ndi wanzeru ukukayikiridwa. Pakadali pano, dziko limakhala pachiwopsezo cha kusakhazikika: mfundo zimasintha malinga ndi zomwe zikuchitika, mikangano ya anthu imakula, ndipo zofuna za nthawi yochepa zimapambana kukonzekera kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ma equation Osamvetsetseka: Kusiyana kwa Luso Losamveka
Demokalase imachirikizanso mfundo ya kufanana. Plato ananena kuti kufanana mu ulemu wa anthu sikutanthauza kufanana mu mphamvu ya utsogoleri. Kwa Plato, mavuto amayamba pamene demokalase imafanana ndi malingaliro onse ngati kuti ali ndi kulemera kofanana, ngakhale kuti chidziwitso ndi makhalidwe abwino a munthu aliyense zimasiyana. Pankhani zaukadaulo monga kuyendetsa sitima, anthu amasankha kapitawo waluso, osati kuvotera okwera. Komabe, pankhani za boma—zomwe Plato ankakhulupirira kuti zinali zovuta kwambiri—demokalase m'malo mwake imasiya zisankho ku mavoti ambiri.
Kufanizira kwa "chombo cha boma," chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa kuti ndi cha Plato, kukuwonetsa izi: ngati okwera omwe sadziwa bwino za kayendedwe ka sitima athamanga kuti adziwe komwe akupita, chombocho chingasweke. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ulamuliro umafuna ukatswiri, osati kungokhala ndi manambala okha.
Kuchokera ku Demokalase Kupita ku Ulamuliro Wankhanza: Kuchepa kwa Ulamuliro
Kutsutsa kodziwika kwambiri kwa Plato ndi mfundo yakuti demokalase imatha kusanduka nkhanza. Iye anati ufulu ukapanda kulamulidwa, anthu amagawanika, amalakalaka kusamvana, ndipo dongosolo limafooka. Mu nthawi ya chisokonezo, anthu amayamba kulakalaka "mpulumutsi" amene amalonjeza dongosolo ndi chitetezo. Anthu okonda ufulu wa anthu amatuluka, amapeza chithandizo ndi malonjezo akuluakulu, ndipo pang'onopang'ono amalimbitsa mphamvu mpaka atakhala olamulira ankhanza.
Kwa Plato, izi sizinali mwangozi, koma chitsanzo. Demokalase, yomwe imalemekeza ufulu ndi kufanana kwakukulu, ingapangitse malo oti pakhale mphamvu zambiri zomwe zimawononga ufulu wokha. Malinga ndi maganizo ake, nkhanza ndi "mthunzi wakuda" wa demokalase: kuyambira ndi chisangalalo ndikutha ndi kupondereza.
Njira ina ya Plato: Boma la Afilosofi
Plato sanangotsutsa; anapereka njira ina: boma labwino lotsogozedwa ndi "mfumu ya nzeru." Akatswiri a nzeru, kwa Plato, si anthu omwe amangodziwa bwino kukangana, koma anthu okonda nzeru, ophunzitsidwa kumvetsetsa zabwino, ndipo amatha kulamulira zilakolako zawo. Amalamulira osati chifukwa cha chuma kapena kutchuka, koma chifukwa cha chilungamo ndi ubwino wa anthu onse.
Mu kapangidwe ka Plato, anthu amagawidwa m'magulu ogwira ntchito: atsogoleri (afilosofi), alonda (asilikali/achitetezo), ndi opanga (alimi, amalonda, antchito). Chilungamo chimachitika pamene gulu lililonse likwaniritsa udindo wake malinga ndi mphamvu zake, ndipo atsogoleri amalamulira mwanzeru, osati mwa kufuna kwa anthu ambiri.
Inde, lingaliro limeneli nthawi zambiri limatsutsidwa chifukwa lingakhale lodzikuza komanso lotsegula chitseko cha ulamuliro wankhanza. Komabe, Plato anagogomezera mfundo imodzi: boma liyenera kukhazikika pa makhalidwe abwino, maphunziro, ndi chidziwitso chotsimikizika.
Kufunika kwa Kutsutsa kwa Plato M'nthawi Yamakono
Demokalase yamakono imasiyana kwambiri ndi demokalase ya ku Atene: imaphatikizapo malamulo, kulekanitsa mphamvu, zisankho zoyimira anthu, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa, ufulu wa atolankhani, komanso kuletsa zinthu. Komabe, kutsutsa kwa Plato kudakali kofunikira ngati chenjezo. Kukonda anthu ambiri, kusintha chidziwitso, ndale zodziyimira pawokha, kusagwirizana, komanso kulamulira maganizo m'boma kumasonyeza kuti demokalase nthawi zonse imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika.
Kutsutsa kwa Plato kukutipempha kuti tifunse kuti: kodi ovota angadziwitsidwe bwanji mokwanira? Kodi tingapange bwanji maphunziro andale kuti anthu asagwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta? Kodi tingagwirizanitse bwanji ufulu ndi udindo? Kodi tingapewe bwanji kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha vuto la demokalase?
Mapeto
Kutsutsa kwa Plato pankhani ya demokalase kumachokera ku nkhawa yakuti demokalase imagwera mosavuta mu ulamuliro wa malingaliro a anthu ambiri, mawu olankhulidwa, ndi chikhumbo. Iye anati ufulu wopanda malire umabweretsa chisokonezo, kuti kufanana kosamvetsetseka kumabisa luso, ndipo kuti mikhalidwe imeneyi imatsegula njira ya nkhanza. Ngakhale njira ina ya "mfumu-yafilosofi" ndi yovuta kuyigwiritsa ntchito m'dziko lamakono, malingaliro a Plato akadali ofunikira kwambiri ngati kuwunikira kofunikira: demokalase sikutanthauza voti ya anthu ambiri okha, komanso za ubwino wa chidziwitso, ubwino, ndi mabungwe omwe amateteza chilungamo.
Ngati demokalase ipitirire, iyenera kukhala yoposa njira zoyendetsera zisankho zokha. Iyenera kuthandizidwa ndi maphunziro, makhalidwe abwino a anthu, chikhalidwe choyenera, ndi njira zomwe zimaletsa kusokoneza anthu ambiri—monga momwe Plato adachenjezera zaka zoposa 2,000 zapitazo.
