Kutsutsa kwa Nietzsche pa Chipembedzo
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru oyambitsa mikangano kwambiri m'mbiri ya malingaliro akumadzulo. Sanangotsutsa chipembedzo ngati bungwe la anthu, komanso adatsutsa maziko amakhalidwe abwino, achilengedwe, ndi amisala omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi omwe amachirikiza momwe anthu amachitira chipembedzo—makamaka m'miyambo yachikhristu yaku Europe. Kutsutsa kwa Nietzsche chipembedzo nthawi zambiri kumafotokozedwa mwachidule kuti "Nietzsche amadana ndi Mulungu," koma chomwe anali kutsutsa chinali mtundu wina wa chipembedzo: chipembedzo chomwe chimakana moyo, chimaika patsogolo kudzipatula, ndikumanga makhalidwe abwino pa mlandu ndi mantha. Nkhaniyi ikuwunika tanthauzo la kutsutsa kwa Nietzsche chipembedzo, zifukwa zake, ndi tanthauzo lake pakumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa makhalidwe abwino ndi umunthu.
1. "Mulungu wafa": matenda, osati mawu ofotokozera
Mawu otchuka kwambiri a Nietzsche ndi akuti "Mulungu wafa," makamaka mu *The Gay Science* ndi *Thus Spoke Zarathustra*. Mawu amenewa nthawi zambiri amamvedwa molakwika ngati kulengeza za kusakhulupirira Mulungu kwa munthu. Kwa Nietzsche, "imfa ya Mulungu" ndi matenda a chikhalidwe: ulamuliro wa chipembedzo ndi chikhulupiriro cha zinthu zina, zomwe kale zinali zofunika kwambiri pa tanthauzo la moyo, zagwa chifukwa cha mphamvu ya zamakono—sayansi, kutsutsa mbiri yakale, kulingalira bwino, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri akugwiritsabe ntchito chilankhulo cha makhalidwe abwino ndi mfundo zachipembedzo, koma maziko a zikhulupiriro zawo sakukhutiritsanso.
Zotsatira za "imfa ya Mulungu" si ufulu wamba, koma vuto la tanthauzo. Ngati Mulungu—monga gwero la choonadi, cholinga, ndi makhalidwe abwino—sakukhulupiriridwanso moona mtima, anthu akukumana ndi kukana Mulungu: kumverera kuti moyo ulibe tanthauzo lenileni. Nietzsche anaona kukana Mulungu ngati ngozi komanso mwayi. Kuopsa kwake n'kwakuti anthu angagwere mu kusasamala ndi kusiya; mwayi ndi wakuti anthu angapange makhalidwe atsopano, olimbikitsa moyo.
2. Chipembedzo monga chizindikiro cha maganizo: mantha, kufooka, ndi kuthawa
Nietzsche ankawerenga chipembedzo osati ngati chiphunzitso chokha, koma ngati chochitika chamaganizo. M'mabuku ake ambiri, ankanena kuti chipembedzo chinayamba chifukwa cha kufunika kwa anthu chitetezo, chitsimikizo, ndi chitonthozo. Anthu akamamva kuti ali pachiwopsezo pokumana ndi mavuto, kusatsimikizika, ndi imfa, chipembedzo chimapereka nkhani yotonthoza: pali dongosolo la Mulungu, pali chilungamo cha chilengedwe chonse, ndipo pali moyo pambuyo pa imfa. Kwa Nietzsche, vuto si kuti nkhani zimenezi zingakhale zabodza, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati njira yothawira ku zenizeni za moyo.
M'malo mokumana ndi mavuto ngati gawo lachilengedwe la moyo, zipembedzo zina zimasintha mavuto kukhala "mtengo" wolemekezeka: opembedza ndi omwe amavutika kwambiri ndipo ndi omvera kwambiri. Nietzsche anakana lingaliro ili chifukwa, malinga ndi iye, limasintha anthu kukhala zolengedwa zoopa moyo ndipo sizikufuna kukula. Iye anati chizolowezichi ndi "chidani cha dziko lapansi" kapena khalidwe lotsutsana ndi moyo: dziko lenileni limaonedwa ngati losafunika kwenikweni, pomwe "dziko lina" (kumwamba, moyo wa pambuyo pake, dziko lapamwamba) limaonedwa kuti ndi lofunika kwambiri.
3. Makhalidwe abwino a ukapolo ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe abwino
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zovuta kwambiri pa ndemanga ya Nietzsche yokhudza chipembedzo ndi kusanthula kwake makhalidwe abwino, makamaka mu buku lakuti On the Genealogy of Morality. Iye amasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya makhalidwe abwino: makhalidwe abwino a mbuye ndi makhalidwe abwino a akapolo.
– Makhalidwe anu abwino amachokera kwa munthu wamphamvu, wodzidalira, komanso wolenga. “Wabwino” kwa iwo amatanthauza ulemu, wolimba mtima, wamphamvu, komanso wolemekezeka.
– Makhalidwe abwino a akapolo amachokera ku magulu ofooka kapena oponderezedwa, osatha kusonyeza mphamvu mwachindunji. Amakula ndi makhalidwe otsutsana: “chabwino” chimatanthauza kudzichepetsa, kumvera, kusachita zachiwawa, komanso kusafuna zambiri; pomwe “choipa” chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu, ulamuliro, ndi kulimba mtima.
Nietzsche ananena kuti chipembedzo (makamaka Chikhristu cha ku Ulaya) chimalimbitsa makhalidwe abwino a akapolo kudzera mu zomwe adazitcha kuti kusakwiya—kukwiya kobisika kwa ofooka motsutsana ndi amphamvu. Polephera kubwezera bwino, mkwiyowu umayendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe: mphamvu imatchedwa uchimo, kufooka kumatchedwa ubwino. Mu ndondomekoyi, amphamvu amapangidwa kuti azimva kuti ali ndi mlandu, pomwe ofooka amapatsidwa ulemu wapamwamba. Kutsutsa kumeneku sikutanthauza kuti Nietzsche amatamanda nkhanza, koma m'malo mwake amakana makhalidwe abwino obadwa chifukwa cha zochita zobwezera komanso zotsutsana ndi moyo.
4. Kudzimana ndi lingaliro la “kudzikana”
Nietzsche anatsutsanso mfundo ya kudzimana—lingaliro lakuti kudzipereka kumaphatikizapo kuletsa zilakolako, kulamulira thupi, ndi “kuwononga” zilakolako za moyo. Iye anaona mfundo ya kudzimana ngati njira yoperekera tanthauzo ku mavuto: ngati moyo ndi wopweteka, ndiye kuti kuvutika kumaonedwa ngati njira yauzimu yopitira ku chipulumutso.
Vuto ndi lakuti, kwa Nietzsche, malingaliro odzipatula nthawi zambiri amachititsa munthu kudzikana kwambiri. Thupi ndi chibadwa zimaonedwa ngati zodetsedwa, kugonana kumaonedwa ngati gwero la uchimo, ndipo chisangalalo cha dziko lapansi n'chokayikitsa. Nietzsche amaona izi ngati mtundu wa udani pa moyo: anthu amaphunzitsidwa kudzimva kuti ali ndi mlandu pa zinthu zomwe ndi gawo lachilengedwe la moyo.
Komanso, iye ankaona kudzimana ngati njira yobisika ya "chifuniro cha mphamvu." Munthu wachipembedzo angapeze mphamvu mwa kukhala mtetezi wa makhalidwe abwino, wodziwa yemwe ali woyera ndi amene ali wochimwa. Motero, kudzipereka kungakhale njira yolankhulirana yolamulira anthu kudzera mu mlandu.
5. Chipembedzo, choonadi, ndi "mabodza othandiza"
Kwa Nietzsche, chipembedzo chinalinso chogwirizana ndi nkhani ya choonadi. Iye anali kukayikira zonena zachipembedzo za choonadi chenicheni, chifukwa zonena zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimathandiza kukonza anthu ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo linalake la makhalidwe abwino. Malinga ndi maganizo a Nietzsche, anthu nthawi zambiri safuna choonadi chifukwa cha choonadi; nthawi zambiri amafuna zikhulupiriro zomwe zimapangitsa moyo kukhala wosavuta.
Koma Nietzsche sanali "wotsutsa choonadi" chabe. Anatsutsa momwe chipembedzo chimapangira choonadi kukhala chida cholamulira: chiphunzitso chimapatsidwa udindo wopatulika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kufunsa. Pamene kufunsa mafunso kumaonedwa ngati uchimo, nzeru ndi sayansi zimaonedwa ngati ziwopsezo, ndipo ufulu woganiza umachepetsedwa. Kwa Nietzsche, izi zimalepheretsa kukula kwa anthu monga zolengedwa zomwe zimayesa kuweruza ndi kulenga.
6. Kodi cholowa m'malo mwa chipembedzo n'chiyani? Übermensch ndi kulengedwa kwa makhalidwe abwino
Kutsutsa kwa Nietzsche sikungolekezera pa kutsutsa; amaperekanso malangizo: anthu ayenera kukhala opanga phindu. Munthu wake wophiphiritsira ndi Übermensch (nthawi zambiri amamasuliridwa kuti "superman" kapena "superhuman"). Übermensch si mtundu winawake kapena munthu wachilengedwe, koma ndi mtundu wa munthu amene sadaliranso mphamvu zoposa za moyo, koma amayesa kutsimikizira moyo—kuphatikizapo kuvutika—ngati chinthu chomwe chingasinthidwe kukhala mphamvu.
Apa ndi pomwe lingaliro la chikondi cha tsogolo limatulukira: kuvomereza moyo momwe ulili komanso kukonda zenizeni, m'malo mothawira kudziko lina. Nietzsche amalimbikitsa kutsimikizira moyo, luso, mphamvu, ndi kulimba mtima kuti athane ndi vuto lopanda tanthauzo pambuyo pa kugwa kwa ulamuliro wachikhalidwe.
7. Kufunika ndi kutsutsana kwa kutsutsa kwa Nietzsche
Kutsutsa kwa Nietzsche n'kofunikira chifukwa sikungokhudza chipembedzo ngati mwambo, komanso malingaliro omwe angatuluke kulikonse: mu malingaliro andale, makhalidwe abwino a anthu, kapena chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino—kutanthauza, chizolowezi chofunafuna “chowonadi chomaliza” kuti munthu akhale ndi chitetezo chamaganizo, komanso chizolowezi chogwiritsa ntchito mlandu ngati njira yowongolera. Nthawi yomweyo, kuganiza kwa Nietzsche nakonso kumatsutsana. Kusanthula kwake kwa “amphamvu” ndi “ofooka” nthawi zina kumaonedwa ngati kuphweka kwambiri kwa zenizeni za anthu. Kutsutsa kwake chifundo nthawi zambiri kumamvedwa molakwika ngati chifukwa chochitira chiwawa, ngakhale kuti Nietzsche amawerengedwa molondola ngati mdani wa makhalidwe abwino omwe amalemekeza kufooka ndikuletsa mphamvu.
Mapeto
Kutsutsa kwa Nietzsche pa chipembedzo ndi kutsutsa mtundu wa chipembedzo chomwe chimakana dziko lapansi, chimalemekeza kuvutika, ndipo chimamanga makhalidwe abwino pa mlandu ndi mkwiyo. Kwa Nietzsche, "Mulungu wafa" akusonyeza vuto la tanthauzo lamakono ndi chiyambi cha kuthekera kwatsopano: anthu amatha kupanga phindu popanda kudalira ulamuliro wapamwamba. Amapempha anthu kuti akhale olimba mtima kwambiri, oona mtima kwambiri ku zenizeni, komanso otsimikiza kwambiri ku moyo. Kaya tikugwirizana kapena ayi, kutsutsa kwa Nietzsche kumatikakamiza kufunsa: kodi zikhulupiriro zathu zimasunga moyo, kapena zimaufooketsa?
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kukhala nkhani ya kusukulu (yosavuta), nkhani yamaphunziro (yokhala ndi mawu ndi zolemba), kapena nkhani yoyerekeza Nietzsche ndi Marx/Freud ngati "ambuye atatu okayikira."
