Kupezekapo ndi Lingaliro la Kutsimikizika
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu ziliko ndi sukulu ya filosofi yomwe imaika zochitika zenizeni za anthu—nkhawa, ufulu, kusankha, kusungulumwa, ndi udindo—pakati pa zokambirana zake. Mosiyana ndi njira za filosofi zomwe zimafuna tanthauzo lokhazikika la chibadwa cha anthu, kukhulupirira kuti zinthu ziliko kumakana lingaliro lakuti anthu ali ndi “chinthu” chomwe chinakonzedweratu. Mkati mwa dongosololi, anthu amamvetsetsedwa ngati anthu omwe nthawi zonse “amakhala”: kudzipanga okha kudzera mu zochita zawo, zisankho zawo, ndi momwe amatanthauzira moyo . Limodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri zobadwa kuchokera ku mwambowu ndi kutsimikizika, komwe ndi kuyesetsa kukhala “woona” malinga ndi umunthu wanu, m'malo mongotsatira zofuna zakunja kapena kutsekereza maudindo a anthu.
Mizu ya Kukhulupirira Zinthu: Kuyambira Kukhalapo Kufika ku Ufulu
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zinazake zimakhalapo nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi anthu oganiza bwino monga Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche , Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, ndi Albert Camus. Ngakhale kuti maganizo awo ndi osiyana, pali mfundo imodzi yofanana: anthu si zinthu zopanda ntchito m'dziko lokonzedwa bwino, koma ndi anthu omwe amaponyedwa m'dziko lopanda chitsimikizo chenicheni. Apa ndi pomwe mawu otchuka a Sartre akuti, "kukhalapo kumabweretsa umunthu," amachokera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu amakhalapo kaye, kenako, kudzera muzosankha zawo, amaumba omwe ali. Palibe pulani yotsimikizira tanthauzo la moyo; tanthauzo liyenera kupangidwa.
Lingaliro limeneli lili ndi zotsatira zamaganizo ndi makhalidwe abwino. Ufulu wa anthu si mphatso yotonthoza, koma ndi katundu wolemera womwe umafuna udindo. Ngati palibe maziko otsimikizika—palibe “buku” la moyo—ndiye kuti munthu aliyense ayenera kunyamula chiopsezo cha zisankho. Nkhawa yomwe imachitika si chifukwa chakuti anthu ndi ofooka, koma chifukwa chakuti anthu amazindikira kuti miyoyo yawo singathe kupatsidwa kwa ena, ndipo kuti zosankha zawo zimakhala ndi zotsatira zake.
Kuwona Mtima: Kukhala Mogwirizana ndi Inu Nokha
Kuwona mtima mu kukhalapo kwa zinthu sikungokhala "kukhala wekha" m'lingaliro lodziwika bwino. Si mawu olimbikitsa, koma ndi maganizo okhudza moyo omwe amafuna kuwona mtima kwakukulu pankhani ya momwe anthu alili: ndife ofooka, ofooka, komanso omasuka kusankha. Kukhala ndi moyo weniweni kumatanthauza kuzindikira ufulu wathu pamene tikuvomereza kuti sitingathe kupewa udindo pa zisankho zimenezo.
Pamlingo wothandiza, kukhala woona mtima kumakhudzana ndi kuthekera kwa munthu kuchita zinthu motsatira mfundo zomwe wasankha mwadala, osati zomwe zimangotengedwa kuchokera ku banja, chikhalidwe, kapena kukakamizidwa ndi anthu. Munthu weniweni nthawi zonse sachita zinthu zosemphana ndi zomwe zikuchitika, koma samangotsatira popanda kuganizira. Amadzifunsa kuti: Kodi umu ndi momwe ndimasankhira kukhala, kapena ndikukhala moyo chifukwa choopa kukhala wosiyana ndi ena?
Heidegger: "Das Man" ndi Kugwa mu Khamu la Anthu
Martin Heidegger, mu buku lake lakuti Being and Time, akukamba za anthu monga Dasein—zolengedwa zomwe zimadziwa kuti zilipo. Malinga ndi Heidegger, anthu nthawi zambiri amalowa m'moyo wosadalirika akamalowerera mu "khamu la anthu" ndi miyambo ya anthu, yomwe amatcha das Man (pafupifupi: "munthu wamba"). Mu das Man mode, munthu amakhala motsatira miyezo yosadziwika: "anthu amanena izi," "anthu nthawi zambiri amachita izi," "chofunika ndikuoneka kuti akuchita bwino."
Kukhala motere kumamveka kotetezeka chifukwa timatsatira zomwe zikuchitika. Komabe, chitetezo chimenecho chimawononga ndalama: timataya mwayi wathu wapadera. Heidegger anagogomezera kuti njira imodzi yopezera choonadi ndiyo kukumana ndi zenizeni zenizeni: imfa. Kudziwa za imfa sikuti cholinga chake ndi kupangitsa moyo kukhala wosasangalatsa, koma kutidzutsa kuchokera ku autopilot. Munthu akazindikira kuti moyo ndi wochepa, amakakamizika kusankha mwanzeru: kodi chofunika kwambiri n’chiyani ngati nthawi si yopanda malire?
Sartre: Ufulu, Udindo, ndi "Chikhulupiro Choipa"
Jean-Paul Sartre adapereka thandizo lalikulu pa lingaliro la chikhulupiriro choipa (mauvai foi), lomwe nthawi zambiri limamasuliridwa kuti "chikhulupiriro choipa" kapena kudzinyenga. Chikhulupiriro choipa chimachitika munthu akakana ufulu wake—monga kubisala kumbuyo kwa maudindo a anthu, tsogolo, kapena malamulo—kuti apewe nkhawa yosankha. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ndi munthu amene akunena kuti, "Ndine wantchito chabe, ndikungotsatira malamulo," ngati kuti alibe chisankho chabwino. Malinga ndi Sartre, ngakhale zosankhazo zitakhala zochepa, anthu amasankhabe malingaliro awo: kumvera, kukana, kuchedwa, kapena kuchoka.
Malinga ndi maganizo a Sartre, kukhala woona mtima kumatanthauza kuzindikira kuti nthawi zonse ndife oposa mayina omwe tapatsidwa. Sitili chabe "ntchito," "udindo," kapena "khalidwe" lozizira. Ndife mapulojekiti omwe amayenda nthawi zonse, ndipo chilichonse chomwe timachita chimatisintha. Chifukwa chake, moyo weniweni umafuna kusinthasintha pakati pa kuzindikira kwathu ufulu ndi zomwe timachita.
Simone de Beauvoir: Kukhulupirika ndi Ubale ndi Wina
Simone de Beauvoir anakulitsa nkhani ya kudalirika pogogomezera ubale wake ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mu makhalidwe ake a existentialist, ufulu si kudzikuza komwe kumadzibisa, koma chinthu chomwe chimachitika mogwirizana ndi ufulu wa ena. Munthu sangakhale wodalirika mokwanira ngati akupondereza kapena kutsutsa ena, chifukwa zochita zotere zimachepetsa umunthu—wa ena komanso wa iye mwini.
De Beauvoir adatsutsanso momwe mabungwe ena a anthu amalimbikitsira anthu kukhala ndi moyo wosatsimikizika. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akakakamizidwa kuvomereza umunthu wodziwika bwino ndi anthu, malo osankha amachepa. Chifukwa chake, kulimbana kwa zenizeni sikuti nthawi zonse kumakhala nkhani yamkati, komanso kumakhudzana ndi mikhalidwe ya anthu yomwe imalola kapena kulepheretsa ufulu.
Camus: Zachabechabe, Chipanduko, ndi Kuwona Mtima kwa Moyo
Albert Camus nthawi zambiri amaikidwa pambali pa chiphunzitso cha kukhalapo kwa zinthu , koma lingaliro lake la zinthu zopanda pake ndi lofunika kwambiri. Kwa Camus, anthu amafunafuna tanthauzo, koma dziko lapansi silimapereka yankho lofanana nthawi zonse. Kukangana pakati pa chikhumbo cha tanthauzo ndi chete cha dziko lapansi ndiko komwe kumatchedwa zinthu zopanda pake. Yankho lenileni ku zinthu zopanda pake si kugonja, koma kukhala ndi moyo moona mtima: kuvomereza kuti moyo supereka chitsimikizo, koma kusankha kuchita, kulenga, kukonda, ndi kupanga tanthauzo m'njira yaumunthu.
Mu buku lakuti The Myth of Sisyphus, Camus akuwonetsa Sisyphus akukankhira mwala pamwamba ngakhale kuti nthawi zonse umagwa pansi. M'maso mwa Camus, ukulu wa munthu uli m'kulimba mtima kukhala ndi moyo mozindikira, popanda malingaliro abodza, komanso popanda kutaya mtima.
Kuwona M'nthawi Yamakono: Pakati pa Zosangalatsa Zokhudza Anthu ndi Zopindulitsa
Lingaliro la kukhala woona mtima lakhala lovuta kwambiri masiku ano. Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, chikhalidwe cha zithunzi, ndi zofuna zokolola nthawi zambiri zimalimbikitsa anthu kupanga "umwini" wogulitsidwa: chithunzi chooneka ngati wopambana, wosangalala, komanso wochita bwino nthawi zonse. Mu mkhalidwe uwu, moyo wosatsimikizika ungachitike pamene wina ayesa kudziona kuti ndi wofunika kutengera kutsimikizika kwakunja. Amachita zinthu osati chifukwa chakuti zili ndi tanthauzo kwa iwo, koma chifukwa chakuti adziwika.
Komabe, kukhala woona mtima sikutanthauza kukana zinthu zonse zakunja. Anthu nthawi zonse amakhala mkati mwa ubale, miyambo, ndi mabungwe. Chomwe chimapangitsa kusiyana ndi maganizo oganizira bwino: kodi ndimangotsatira, kapena ndimayesa, kusankha, ndi kutenga udindo? Kukhala woona mtima si chifukwa chokhalira wamwano podzinamizira kuti "Ndili amene ndili." Moyo weniweni umafuna kukhwima: kumvetsetsa zotsatira za zochita ndikuona anthu ena ngati anthu, osati kungoganizira chabe za m'mbuyo.
Kukhala ndi Moyo Weniweni: Kugogomezera Kwambiri
Choyamba, kukhala woona mtima kumayamba ndi kuzindikira. Munthu ayenera kuzindikira nthawi zomwe akukhala moyo wokha: kutsatira machitidwe, kutsatira zolinga, kapena kusunga chithunzi chake popanda kumvetsetsa zomwe akufuna. Chachiwiri, kukhala woona mtima kumafuna kulimba mtima kuti apirire nkhawa zomwe asankha. Palibe kusankha komwe kuli kopanda chiopsezo, koma kupewa kusankha nthawi zambiri kumasiya moyo wopanda kanthu. Chachitatu, kukhala woona mtima kumafuna udindo wamakhalidwe abwino: chilichonse chomwe timasankha chimatiumba, komanso chimakhudza miyoyo ya ena.
Kutseka
Kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zidzachitikadi, komwe kumayang'ana kwambiri pa moyo weniweni wa anthu, kumapereka lingaliro lakuthwa lomwe tingamvetsetse mavuto a moyo: chisangalalo cha ufulu, nkhawa zachilengedwe, ndi kufunafuna tanthauzo kosatha. Pakati pa zonsezi, lingaliro la kukhala ndi moyo weniweni limagwira ntchito ngati kampasi: kuyitanira kukhala ndi moyo mwanzeru, moona mtima, komanso mwaulemu. Moyo weniweni si mkhalidwe womwe umachitika ukatha, koma ndi kayendetsedwe kopitilira ka kusankha—m'dziko lomwe nthawi zambiri limapereka njira yachidule yomvera mosaganizira. Pomaliza, kukhala ndi moyo weniweni ndi kulimba mtima kovomereza kuti moyo uno ndi wathu, ndipo chifukwa chake ndi wathu kukhala nawo moona mtima.
