Chiphunzitso cha Derrida ndi Deconstruction
Pegantar
Jacques Derrida ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri afilosofi otchuka kwambiri a m'zaka za m'ma 20, wodziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha chitukuko chake cha chiphunzitso cha deconstruction. Deconstruction sikuti imangopereka ndemanga ya kapangidwe ka chilankhulo, malemba, ndi tanthauzo komanso imapereka njira yatsopano yomvetsetsa ubale pakati pa malemba, nkhani, ndi kutanthauzira. Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za deconstruction, Derrida akutsutsa malingaliro oyambira omwe amavomerezedwa kwambiri mu filosofi yachikhalidwe ndi chiphunzitso cha zolemba. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kuzama kwambiri moyo wa Derrida ndi tanthauzo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa chiphunzitso cha deconstruction.
Mbiri ya Jacques Derrida
Jacques Derrida anabadwa pa Julayi 15, 1930, ku El Biar, Algeria, komwe panthawiyo kunali gawo la ufumu wa atsamunda wa ku France. Derrida anaphunzira ku École Normale Supérieure (ENS) ku Paris, bungwe la maphunziro apamwamba lomwe lapanga akatswiri ambiri anzeru aku France, kenako anapitiliza kupeza digiri ya udokotala ku Sorbonne. Derrida adayamba kutchuka kudzera m'mabuku angapo m'zaka za m'ma 1960, makamaka buku lake lakuti "Of Grammatology" (1967), lomwe linadziwika ngati buku lofunika kwambiri pakuyambitsa deconstruction.
Kumanganso Nyumba Monga Njira Yafilosofi
Kuchotsa mawu, malinga ndi kumvetsetsa kwa Derrida, si njira yokhala ndi malamulo ndi njira zinazake. M'malo mwake, akufotokoza kuti ndi njira yowerengera yomwe imavumbula kusamvana ndi kusagwirizana mkati mwa lemba. Malinga ndi Derrida, lemba lililonse limayesetsa kukhala logwirizana komanso lokhazikika, koma pamapeto pake nthawi zonse limakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimatsutsa izi.
Chofunika kwambiri pa njira yochepetsera kusinthika kwa mawu ndi kusanthula malemba kuti awonetse momwe matanthauzo omveka bwino angasokonezedwe ndi kapangidwe ka chilankhulo. Derrida akukana lingaliro lakuti chilankhulo ndi njira yosalowerera ndale yofotokozera zoona kapena zenizeni zomwe zinalipo kale. M'malo mwake, akunena kuti chilankhulo ndi kapangidwe kake kamphamvu, komwe nthawi zonse kamakhala mkati mwa njira yopangidwira ndikuchotsedwa.
Logocentrism ndi Kusiyana
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Derrida amapereka ndi kutsutsa kwa logocentrism, chikhulupiriro chakuti mfundo, kulingalira, kapena ma logo ndiye maziko enieni a chidziwitso ndi chowonadi chonse. Logocentrism imaika chidwi chachikulu pa "kukhalapo" ndipo imakonda kunyalanyaza kapena kuchotsa "kusakhalapo." Malinga ndi Derrida, ichi ndi chinyengo chifukwa chilankhulo nthawi zonse chimatanthauza zizindikiro ndi matanthauzo omwe amadalirana mu netiweki yovuta ya ubale.
Pofotokoza za kusinthaku, Derrida adayambitsa mawu oti "kusiyana," omwe ndi neologism yophatikiza mawu awiri achifalansa akuti "kusiyana" (kosiyana) ndi "kuchedwetsa" (kuchedwetsa). Kusiyana ndi mfundo yofunikira kwambiri yochepetsera, kusonyeza kuti tanthauzo nthawi zonse limachedwa ndipo silimafika pokhazikika kapena kukhalapo kwathunthu. Zotsatira zake, tanthauzo la lemba nthawi zonse limasintha ndipo limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhani zatsopano.
Kuwononga mu Critical Praxis
Kuchotsa zinthu m'malemba kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mabuku, malamulo, zomangamanga, ndi maphunziro a chikhalidwe. Mu chiphunzitso cha mabuku, ochotsa zinthu m'malemba amafuna kupeza zotsutsana zobisika m'malemba, monga zakuda/zoyera, zachimuna/zachikazi, kapena zachikhalidwe, ndi cholinga chosokoneza machitidwe achikhalidwe awa.
Mwachitsanzo, mu kusanthula mabuku, kusanthula kosinthika kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kusonyeza momwe nkhani yomwe ikuwoneka yogwirizana komanso yolimba ingagawidwire kukhala gulu la malingaliro otsutsana. Mwa kuwonetsa kusagwirizana kumeneku, kusanthula kosinthika kumayesa kumasula malembawo ku matanthauzo okhwima omwe anali ovomerezeka kale ndikutsegula njira zatsopano zotanthauzira.
Kudzudzula ndi Mkangano
Ngakhale kuti mfundo ya Derrida yokhudza kuwononga zinthu yakhala ikutsutsidwa kwambiri, yatsutsidwanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Akatswiri ena afilosofi ndi otsutsa atsutsa mfundo ya kuwononga zinthu kuti ndi njira yotsutsana ndi mfundo zachipembedzo kapena mfundo zachikhalidwe zomwe zimalepheretsa kutanthauzira zoona kapena maziko omveka bwino a makhalidwe abwino. Otsutsawa amanena kuti pokana kukhazikika kwa tanthauzo, kuwononga zinthu kungayambitse chisokonezo chomasulira chomwe chimachotsa maziko aliwonse a makhalidwe abwino kapena a epistemological.
Komabe, oteteza kuwononga, kuphatikizapo Derrida mwiniwake, akunena kuti kutsutsa kwamtunduwu kumachokera pa kusamvetsetsa zolinga ndi njira zowononga. Malinga ndi iwo, kuwononga sikukana tanthauzo kapena chowonadi koma kuyesa kukulitsa ndikuwunika malire a momwe timamvetsetsera ndikumanga matanthauzo amenewo.
Mphatso ya Derrida pa Maganizo Amakono
Derrida wapereka zopereka zazikulu m'magawo ambiri, osati filosofi ndi chiphunzitso cha zolembalemba zokha. Mwachitsanzo, mu filosofi yandale, Derrida amakayikira maziko enieni a malingaliro a chilungamo, ufulu, ndi demokalase. M'buku lake lakuti "Specters of Marx" (1993), Derrida amatsutsa capitalism yapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo amapereka mwayi watsopano wa lingaliro lokhazikika la chilungamo cha anthu.
Mu makhalidwe abwino, Derrida amalimbikitsa lingaliro la "udindo wopanda malire," lomwe limagogomezera kufunika kokhala omasuka kwa ena ndikugonjetsa zizolowezi zokakamiza popanga zisankho zamakhalidwe abwino. Lingaliroli likuwonetsa kuyesera kwa Derrida kutsindika kufunika kwa zokambirana, kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndi kusiyanasiyana pazochitika zilizonse zamakhalidwe abwino.
Kutseka
Jacques Derrida ndi chiphunzitso cha deconstruction zatsegula njira zatsopano m'malingaliro amakono, zomwe zatilola kukayikira malingaliro ofunikira ndikuzama mozama kumvetsetsa kwathu dziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti nkhani ikadali yotsutsana, zopereka za Derrida mosakayikira zawonjezera zokambirana zanzeru ndipo zapereka zida zofunikira kwambiri pamaphunziro osiyanasiyana. Kudzera mu deconstruction, tikuitanidwa kuti tiwone zovuta ndi kusamveka bwino komwe kuli m'malemba ndi malingaliro aliwonse, ndikupitilizabe kufunafuna tanthauzo pakati pa mphamvu yosatha iyi.
