Kusanthula kwa Zochitika za Edmund Husserl
Edmund Husserl, katswiri wafilosofi wa ku Germany wobadwa mu 1859, amadziwika kwambiri kuti ndi bambo wa zochitika. Zochitika zenizeni ndi njira yophunzirira filosofi yomwe imayesetsa kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka zochitika za anthu kuchokera pamalingaliro a munthu amene akukumana nazo. Zochitika zenizeni cholinga chake ndi kuvumbulutsa tanthauzo la zochitika mwa kuchotsa malingaliro onse ndi tsankho zomwe zingatilepheretse kumvetsetsa zenizeni.
Chiyambi cha Zochitika
Husserl anayamba ntchito yake yamaphunziro a masamu asanagwiritse ntchito filosofi, motsogozedwa ndi ntchito za Franz Brentano ndi Carl Stumpf. Husserl anatsogoleredwa ndi pulojekiti ya filosofi yobweretsa filosofi ku maziko asayansi, kapena omveka bwino komanso olongosoka, kuposa momwe anali kuganiza kale. Zochitika za Husserl zinayamba chifukwa cha kutsutsa kwa psychology—lingaliro lomwe linkafanizira logic ndi psychology—lomwe ankaliona kuti ndi loopsa ku chidziwitso cha sayansi chifukwa linasokoneza mzere pakati pa zenizeni zenizeni ndi kuzindikira kwaumwini.
Njira ya Husserl ya Phenomenological
Maziko a njira ya Husserl yochitira zinthu zodabwitsa ndi njira yodziwika kuti “epoché” kapena “kuchepetsa zinthu zodabwitsa.” Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kuyimitsa (kapena kuchepetsa) zigamulo ndi malingaliro omwe amayambitsa zomwe zikuchitika. Ndi kuyesa kuzindikira zochitika mwachindunji “momwe zilili,” musanazilembe, kuzifotokoza, kapena kuzitanthauzira, musanasankhe.
Gawo loyamba mu epoché ndi "kuyika malingaliro onse okhudza dziko lapansi. Cholinga chake ndi kuyika malingaliro athu m'mabokosi, kuwaletsa kuti asasokoneze kuwona koyera. Husserl adanenanso kuti chidziwitso nthawi zonse chimakhala ndi njira ("cholinga"), kapena kuyang'ana pa chinthu china. Chochita chilichonse cha chidziwitso, adatero, ndi kuzindikira chinthu china - kaya ndi chinthu chakuthupi, lingaliro, kapena mkhalidwe wamalingaliro.
Kenako pakubwera gawo lochepetsa, komwe timayesa kupeza tanthauzo la chochitika chomwe chili pafupi. Husserl adati kudzera mu malingaliro ndi zowonera zambiri, titha kufika pamalingaliro oyambira okhudza kapangidwe kofunikira ka chochitika chodabwitsa.
Cholinga: Kuyang'ana pa Chidziwitso
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Husserl adapereka pa zochitika ndi lingaliro la "cholinga." Cholinga chimatanthauza kuti chidziwitso chonse chimayang'ana ku chinthu china—palibe chinthu chonga 'chopanda kanthu' kapena chosalowerera ndale. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wina akuganiza za mtengo, lingaliro lake nthawi zonse limakhala la mtengo, osati kungomva kapena kuganiza popanda chinthu.
Iye akufotokoza zigawo ziwiri zazikulu za cholinga: “noesis” ndi “noema.” Noesis ndi mbali ya zomwe munthu akukumana nazo—chinthu chamaganizo chokha, monga kuganiza, kumva, kapena kuganiza. Komabe, Noema ndi zomwe zikuchitika—zomwe zimaganiziridwa kapena kumvedwa, nkhope ya chinthu chomwe chilipo m'maganizo mwathu.
Tikawona chinthu, mwachitsanzo mtengo, njira ya noesis imaphatikizapo kuchita "kuona," pomwe noema ndi "mtengo" womwewo monga zomwe zili mu kuchitako kwa kuona. Mbali ziwirizi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zipange zonse zomwe zimachitika modabwitsa.
Zochitika za Husserl Zodabwitsa Kwambiri
Powonjezera, Husserl adayambitsa lingaliro la "kudzikuza kwapadera." Kudzikuza kumeneku ndi gawo lofunikira komanso lapadziko lonse la chidziwitso—osati kudzikuza komwe kumaganiza kapena kumva pakadali pano. Kudzikuza kwapadera ndiye maziko oyambira a zochitika zonse zaumwini. Mwa kuvumbula kudzikuza kwapadera, Husserl adayesetsa kuzindikira mbali zonse zapadziko lonse ndi makhalidwe ofunikira a chidziwitso chokha.
Kufunika kwa Husserl pa Filosofi ndi Sayansi Zina
Husserl anali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa filosofi yamakono ndi maphunziro ena angapo, kuphatikizapo zamaganizo, zachikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi maphunziro a chikhalidwe.
Mwachitsanzo, mu zamaganizo, njira yodziwira zinthu zomwe zimachitika munthu akamwalira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumvetsetsa zomwe wodwalayo anakumana nazo popanda kuzisokoneza kudzera mu mfundo zamaganizo zomwe sizingagwirizane nazo. Carl Rogers, m'modzi mwa omwe anayambitsa chithandizo cha anthu, adapeza chilimbikitso kuchokera ku mfundo za zochitika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthuyo aziona zomwe zikuchitika munthuyo pakati pa njira yake yothandizira.
Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, zochitika zina zinakhudza Alfred Schutz, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale "zochitika za chikhalidwe cha anthu." Schutz anagogomezera kuti kapangidwe ka tanthauzo m'dziko la chikhalidwe cha anthu kamapangidwa kudzera mu zochitika zapakati pa anthu komanso kukambirana tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kudzudzula ndi Mkangano
Ngakhale kuti Husserl ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, zochitika zake sizili zopanda otsutsa. Akatswiri ena afilosofi, kuphatikizapo wophunzira wake komanso wotsutsa Martin Heidegger, amanena kuti njira ya Husserl, yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pa kusanthula chidziwitso, imabisa kumvetsetsa kwa anthu za kugwirizana kwawo ndi dziko lenileni. Heidegger adanenanso kuti kukhalapo kwa anthu sikungamveke ngati nkhani yongoganizira zinthu, koma m'malo mwake ngati "Dasein" yomwe ili mkati mwa dziko lonse lapansi mwanjira yonse komanso yokhazikika.
Kuphatikiza apo, otsutsa ena amanena kuti njira za Husserl zochepetsera zinthu (nthawi ndi njira zochepetsera zinthu) sizothandiza ndipo n'zovuta kwambiri kuzitsatira nthawi zonse mu kafukufuku wa zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku.
Mapeto
Edmund Husserl anasiya cholowa chachikulu kwa akatswiri afilosofi, kutsegula chitseko cha njira zatsopano zomvetsetsa zomwe anthu akumana nazo. Kudzera mu zochitika, Husserl akutipempha kuti tibwerere ku "zinthu zokha" - kuziwona ndikuziwona popanda fyuluta ya malingaliro okondera. Mwa kufufuza kapangidwe ka zochitika zaumwini ndikuwulula momwe chidziwitso chimagwirira ntchito ndi dziko lake, zochitika za Husserl zimapereka chidziwitso chakuya pa chikhalidwe chachikulu cha kukhalapo kwa anthu.
Ngakhale kuti kutsutsa ndi kutsutsana zikupitirizabe kugwirizana ndi cholowa chake cha filosofi, zopereka za Husserl zikadali zofunika kwambiri ku filosofi yamakono ndipo zakhudza maphunziro ena ambiri, zomwe zapangitsa kuti timvetse bwino za kuzindikira, kuzindikira, ndi dziko lomwe tikukhalamo. Zochitika zomwe taphunzira kuchokera ku filosofi ya Husserl zikadali mitu yofunika kukambirana pakukula kwa njira zasayansi ndi njira zatsopano m'maphunziro a anthu masiku ano.
