Chiphunzitso Chachuma Chofanana
Chiphunzitso Chachuma Chachikulu Chofanana ndi chimodzi mwa mizati yayikulu ya zachuma zamakono, chomwe chimayesa kufotokoza momwe misika yosiyanasiyana mu chuma imagwirira ntchito ndipo pamapeto pake imafika pamlingo wofanana nthawi imodzi. Mosiyana ndi kusanthula kwa gawo la mgwirizano, komwe kumayang'ana pamsika umodzi wokha (monga msika wa mpunga kapena msika wantchito) pomwe misika ina imagwirabe ntchito, chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chimawona chuma ngati dongosolo lolumikizana. Kusintha kwa gawo limodzi kapena msika kungakhudze mitengo, kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kugawa ndalama m'magawo ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kumvetsetsa kulumikizana kumeneku kukhala kofunika kwambiri.
Tanthauzo ndi Chigawo
Mwachidule, mgwirizano wadziko lonse ndi mkhalidwe womwe misika yonse yazachuma—misika ya katundu ndi ntchito, misika ya zinthu (ntchito, ndalama, malo), ndi misika yazachuma—ili mu mgwirizano nthawi imodzi. Kufanana kumachitika pamene palibe wochita zachuma amene ali ndi chilimbikitso chosintha chisankho chake. Ogula awonjezera phindu lawo mkati mwa bajeti zawo, opanga awonjezera phindu lawo mkati mwa ukadaulo wawo ndi mitengo ya zolowetsa, ndipo msika wonse "uli womveka bwino," kutanthauza kuti kuchuluka komwe kumafunidwa kumafanana ndi kuchuluka komwe kwaperekedwa.
Kuchuluka kwa chiphunzitsochi kumaphatikizapo khalidwe la ogula, khalidwe la opanga, kupanga mitengo, kugawa zinthu, komanso zotsatira za mfundo za boma monga misonkho, ndalama zothandizira, malonda apadziko lonse, ndi malamulo. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, chiphunzitso cha general equilibrium nthawi zambiri chimaonedwa ngati "mapu akulu" omwe akuwonetsa momwe chuma chonse chimagwirira ntchito.
Mizu ndi Chitukuko cha Mbiri Yakale
Lingaliro la mgwirizano wazinthu zonse linachokera m'malingaliro a akatswiri azachuma a m'zaka za m'ma 19, makamaka Léon Walras, omwe adapanga chitsanzo cha masamu chosonyeza momwe mitengo imasinthira kuti msika wonse ufike pa mgwirizano. Lingaliro la Walras la "tâtonnement" limafotokoza njira yosinthira mitengo yoyesera ndi zolakwika: ngati pali kufunikira kwakukulu kwa chinthu, mtengo umakwera; ngati pali kupezeka kwakukulu, mtengo umatsika. Ngakhale kuti njirayi ndi yowonetsera bwino kuposa kufotokozera zenizeni za njira zamsika, malingaliro ake adatsegula njira yopangira malingaliro okhwima kwambiri.
M'zaka za m'ma 20, chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa anthu onse chinalimbikitsidwa ndi zopereka za akatswiri azachuma monga Kenneth Arrow, Gérard Debreu, ndi Lionel McKenzie. Iwo anawonetsa mwa masamu momwe mgwirizano wa anthu onse ungakhalire komanso kukhala wogwira mtima. Ntchito ya Arrow ndi Debreu inali yofunika kwambiri chifukwa inasonyeza kuti, malinga ndi malingaliro ena, misika yopikisana imatha kupanga magawidwe abwino kwambiri a zinthu za Pareto.
Zigawo Zazikulu: Ogula, Opanga, ndi Misika
Mu dongosolo la mgwirizano, chuma nthawi zambiri chimaonedwa ngati gulu la othandizira azachuma:
1. Ogula (mabanja): amakonda zinthu ndi mautumiki osiyanasiyana, komanso amakhala ndi malire a bajeti kutengera ndalama zomwe amapeza. Cholinga cha wogula ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino posankha njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito.
2. Opanga (makampani): ali ndi ukadaulo wopanga womwe umasintha zinthu zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito (ntchito, ndalama) kukhala zotuluka. Cholinga cha wopanga ndikuwonjezera phindu posankha mulingo woyenera wa zopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
3. Msika: komwe zinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi zomwe zimafunidwa zimakumana. Mitengo imagwira ntchito ngati zizindikiro zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zisankho za ogula ndi opanga. Mu chiphunzitso ichi, mitengo siimatsimikiziridwa pa chinthu chimodzi chokha, koma pa katundu yense ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapangidwa.
Kufanana kwa anthu kumachitika ngati zisankho za ogwira ntchito onse zikugwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, mabanja amapereka antchito, makampani amalemba ntchito antchito, ndipo malipiro amasinthidwa kuti abweretse msika wa antchito mofanana. Nthawi yomweyo, zokolola zomwe makampani amapanga ziyenera kufanana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (kapena zomwe zimayikidwa) ndi mabanja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti msika wa katundu ukhale wofanana.
Njira Yopangira Kufanana
Chinsinsi cha chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wazinthu zonse ndi dongosolo la mitengo. Mitengo imagwira ntchito ngati njira yodziwitsira: chinthu chikakhala chosowa, mtengo wake umakwera, zomwe zimalimbikitsa opanga kuonjezera kupanga ndi ogula kuchepetsa kufunikira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene pali zochulukirapo, mitengo imatsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kupanga kuchepe ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Walras anafotokoza kusinthaku kudzera mu mgwirizano, koma muzochitika zenizeni za msika, kusintha kumachitika kudzera mu zochitika zomwe zikuchitika. Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wazinthu zonse sichimagogomezera nthawi zonse njira zosinthira, koma chimayang'ana kwambiri mkhalidwe womaliza (kufanana) ndi makhalidwe ake.
Chiphunzitso cha Kuchita Bwino ndi Ubwino
Chifukwa chimodzi chomwe chiphunzitso cha general equilibrium chilili ndi mphamvu kwambiri ndi kugwirizana kwake ndi lingaliro la kuchita bwino kwachuma. Mu zachuma za ubwino, pali mfundo ziwiri zofunika:
1. Chiphunzitso Choyamba cha Ubwino: Pansi pa mikhalidwe yamsika yopikisana bwino, mgwirizano uliwonse wa Pareto umagwira ntchito bwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti palibe njira yopangira munthu kukhala wabwino popanda kupangitsa wina kukhala woipa.
2. Chiphunzitso Chachiwiri cha Ubwino: kugawa kulikonse koyenera kwa Pareto kungatheke pogwiritsa ntchito njira yampikisano yamsika, bola ngati pali kugawa koyenera koyambirira kwa zinthu (monga, kudzera mu kusamutsa ndalama zonse).
Komabe, chiphunzitsochi chimadalira malingaliro amphamvu, monga kusowa kwa zinthu zakunja, chidziwitso changwiro, ndi misika yonse. Ngati malingaliro awa sakwaniritsidwa, zotsatira za msika zitha kukhala zosagwira ntchito ndipo mfundo za boma zingakhale zofunikira.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito mu Ndondomeko Zachuma ndi Kusanthula
Chiphunzitso cha kufanana kwa zinthu (General equilibrium theory) ndi maziko a zida zosiyanasiyana zowunikira mfundo. Ntchito imodzi ndi chitsanzo cha Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsanzira momwe mfundo zamisonkho, thandizo la ndalama, kusintha kwa mitengo yolowera kunja, kapena kugwedezeka kwachuma pa chuma chonse. Mwachitsanzo, pamene boma likukweza misonkho yamafuta, kusanthula kufanana kwa zinthu (general equilibrium analysis) kumatha kuwerengera momwe mitengo yoyendera imakhudzira, ndalama zopangira m'magawo ena, ndalama zomwe mabanja amapeza, komanso kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zomwe zimayikidwa.
Mu malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa mayiko chimathandiza kufotokoza momwe kusintha kwa mitengo pakati pa mayiko kumakhudzira machitidwe apadera, kayendedwe ka katundu, ndi ubwino wa anthu. Kusanthula kumeneku kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito pophunzira za kusalingana kwa ndalama, chifukwa kusintha kwa misika ya antchito ndi ndalama kungakhudze kugawa konse kwa ndalama.
Zolepheretsa ndi Kudzudzula
Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa anthu onse chili ndi mphamvu, chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa anthu onse chili ndi zofooka zingapo. Choyamba, malingaliro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala olakwika kwambiri: mpikisano wangwiro, chidziwitso chonse, ndi othandizira azachuma mwanzeru. M'malo mwake, misika nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi monopolies, oligopolyes, kusiyana kwa chidziwitso, komanso khalidwe losamveka bwino.
Chachiwiri, chiphunzitsochi chikugogomezera momwe zinthu zilili mofanana m'malo mosintha zinthu. Chuma chenicheni chimakumana ndi zinthu zovuta, zodabwitsa, komanso zosatsimikizika zomwe zingachedwetse kusintha kapena kuletsa kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino kufika pamlingo womwe ukufunidwa.
Chachitatu, kufanana kwa zinthu nthawi zonse sikwapadera nthawi zonse. Mu zitsanzo zina, pakhoza kukhala kusiyana kopitilira kamodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulosera zotsatira zomaliza popanda chidziwitso chowonjezera chokhudza mgwirizano, ziyembekezo, kapena mabungwe.
Chachinayi, nkhani zokhudza kugawa ndi chilungamo siziyankhidwa zokha ndi Pareto efficiency yokha. Kugawa kungakhale kothandiza koma kungaonedwe kuti sikolungama ngati gawo lalikulu la chuma lili m'gulu linalake.
Kutseka
Chiphunzitso cha Zachuma Chofanana Chimapereka dongosolo lonse lomvetsetsa momwe misika yosiyanasiyana mu chuma imagwirizanirana ndikusintha kudzera mu dongosolo la mitengo. Mwa kuyika ogula, opanga, ndi misika mkati mwa chitsanzo chogwirizana, chiphunzitsochi chimathandiza kufotokoza kapangidwe ka mitengo, kugawa zinthu, ndi zotsatira zake zonse za mfundo. Ngakhale kuti pali zofooka zake chifukwa cha malingaliro ake abwino komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri pa mapeto, chiphunzitso cha chilungamo chimakhalabe maziko ofunikira a kusanthula kwamakono kwachuma—ponse pa kafukufuku wamaphunziro komanso popanga mfundo za anthu. Mwa kumvetsetsa bwino chiphunzitsochi, titha kuwona chuma osati ngati gulu la misika yodzipatula, koma ngati dongosolo lomwe limakhudza wina ndi mnzake ndikupanga ubwino wa anthu onse.
