Mbiri ya Chiphunzitso Chakale cha Zachuma
Pendauluan
Chiphunzitso cha zachuma chachikale ndi sukulu ya malingaliro azachuma yozikidwa pa malingaliro a akatswiri azachuma a m'zaka za m'ma 18 ndi 19. Sukuluyi imaphatikizapo malingaliro a anthu monga Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, ndi John Stuart Mill. Chiphunzitso cha zachuma chachikale ndicho maziko a mfundo zambiri zachuma zomwe tikudziwa masiku ano, kuphatikizapo chiphunzitso cha chuma cha msika waulere, ubwino woyerekeza, ndi lamulo la misika. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana mbiri, mfundo zazikulu, ndi chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha zachuma chachikale.
Chiyambi ndi Zoyambira
Chiphunzitso cha zachuma chakale chinayamba panthawi ya European Enlightenment, nthawi yomwe chidziwitso ndi malingaliro atsopano zinakula mofulumira. Zaka za m'ma 18 zisanafike, zachuma zinkakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chipembedzo komanso dongosolo lokhwima la feudal. Mercantilism, yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakusonkhanitsa golide ndi siliva ndi zinthu zina zamalonda, inali yolamulira maganizo azachuma ku Europe kuyambira zaka za m'ma 16 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18.
Kukonda chuma cha dziko kunkaganiza kuti chuma cha dziko chimayesedwa ndi chuma chake chamtengo wapatali ndipo kunkafuna kukulitsa katundu wotumizidwa kunja pamene kumachepetsa katundu wotumizidwa kunja. Komabe, akatswiri azachuma akale ankaona kuti njira imeneyi inali yopapatiza kwambiri ndipo siinkasonyeza momwe chumacho chinalili.
Adam Smith: Tate wa Zachuma Zamakono
Adam Smith, katswiri wa zafilosofi komanso wazachuma waku Scotland, nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati bambo wa zachuma zamakono. Buku lake lofunika kwambiri, lakuti “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations” (1776), linakhala maziko a chiphunzitso cha zachuma chakale. Smith anayambitsa lingaliro la “dzanja losawoneka,” kufotokoza njira zamsika zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi zofuna za munthu aliyense koma pamapeto pake zimapindulitsa anthu onse.
Smith anagogomezeranso kufunika kwa kugawa ntchito ngati gwero la kuchulukitsa zokolola ndi kuchita bwino. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti pogawa ntchito m'magawo enaake, antchito akhoza kukhala aluso komanso ogwira ntchito bwino. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kudzatsogolera kukula kwachuma.
David Ricardo ndi Chiphunzitso cha Ubwino Woyerekeza
David Ricardo, katswiri wazachuma wa ku England, nayenso anali ndi mphamvu yayikulu pakukula kwa chiphunzitso cha zachuma chakale. Ntchito yake yotchuka, "On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" (1817), inayambitsa lingaliro la phindu loyerekeza. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, mayiko ayenera kukhala akatswiri pakupanga zinthu zomwe angathe kupanga pamtengo wotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena. Izi zimawathandiza kutumiza katundu wawo bwino ndikutumiza katundu wokwera mtengo kwambiri popanga m'dzikolo.
Chiphunzitso cha Ricardo choyerekeza phindu chinasonyeza kuti malonda apadziko lonse angapindulitse mayiko onse omwe akukhudzidwa, ngakhale kuti kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana n’kosiyana. Izi zinapereka maziko olimba olimbikitsa malonda aulere apadziko lonse ndipo zinakhazikitsa maziko a chuma chamakono cha padziko lonse.
Thomas Malthus ndi Chiphunzitso cha Anthu
Thomas Malthus anali katswiri wa zachuma komanso wofufuza za chiwerengero cha anthu amene anapereka thandizo lalikulu ku chiphunzitso cha zachuma chakale kudzera mu nkhani yake, "An Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798). Malthus ankanena kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chimakula mofulumira, pomwe kupanga chakudya kumakula kokha mwa masamu. Chifukwa chake, popanda kuwongolera chiwerengero cha anthu, anthu angakumane ndi njala ndi umphawi.
Malthus ankakhulupirira kuti kuchepa kwa chuma kungachepetse kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndikupangitsa kuti chuma chichepe. Ngakhale kuti zina mwa zomwe Malthus analosera sizinali zoona, malingaliro ake okhudza kuchepa kwa chuma ndi momwe zimakhudzira kukula kwa chuma akadali ofunika kwambiri m'makambirano amakono azachuma ndi zachilengedwe.
John Stuart Mill ndi Mapeto a Zachuma Zakale
John Stuart Mill, katswiri wa zafilosofi komanso wazachuma wa ku England, anali munthu womaliza kuonedwa kuti ndi gawo la chiphunzitso cha zachuma chakale. Mu ntchito yake ya "Principles of Political Economy" (1848), Mill anayesa kupanga malingaliro azachuma akale ndikupereka maziko asayansi owunikira zachuma.
Mill anagogomezeranso kufunika kwa kugawa chuma ndi udindo wa boma pokonza kusalingana kwa msika. Pankhani ya ufulu wa munthu aliyense, Mill anati kulowererapo kwa boma kuyenera kukhala kochepa, koma anavomerezanso kuti pali zochitika zina pomwe kulowererapo kwa boma ndikofunikira kuti pakhale zotsatira zofanana.
Mfundo Zazikulu za Chiphunzitso Chachuma Chachikale
1. Msika Waufulu: Akatswiri azachuma akale ankakhulupirira kuti misika yaufulu nthawi zambiri imafika pamlingo wofanana pamene zinthu ndi zosowa zimakwaniritsa. Mitengo ya katundu ndi ntchito idzasintha kotero kuti pasakhale zochulukirapo kapena kusowa kwakukulu.
2. Dzanja Losaoneka: Lingaliro ili, lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi Adam Smith, limafotokoza njira yomwe zofuna za anthu payekha zimathandizira mwachindunji ubwino wa anthu kudzera mu misika yaulere.
3. Kugawa Ntchito: Mwa kugawa ntchito ndi ukadaulo, ogwira ntchito amatha kukhala ogwira ntchito bwino komanso opindulitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chuma chikule.
4. Chiphunzitso cha Ubwino Woyerekeza: David Ricardo anagogomezera kuti dziko lililonse liyenera kukhala lapadera pakupanga zinthu zomwe lili ndi ubwino woyerekeza, kuti phindu la malonda apadziko lonse likwaniritsidwe kwambiri.
5. Lamulo la Say: Jean-Baptiste Say, katswiri wa zachuma wa ku France, anati kupereka kumabweretsa kufunikira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kupanga katundu ndi ntchito kudzabweretsa kufunikira kokwanira kuti katundu wopangidwa atengeke.
6. Kugawa Chuma: Akatswiri azachuma akale, makamaka John Stuart Mill, nawonso adagogomezera kufunika koganizira momwe chuma ndi ndalama zimagawidwira m'dera kuti pakhale chilungamo.
Kutseka
Chiphunzitso cha zachuma chachikale chimapereka maziko olimba a zachuma chamakono. Malingaliro a Smith, Ricardo, Malthus, ndi Mill apanga mfundo zambiri zachuma zomwe zikugwirabe ntchito masiku ano. Ngakhale kuti mbali zina za chiphunzitsochi zatsutsidwa ndi kukonzedwa ndi masukulu ena amalingaliro azachuma, monga zachuma zachikale ndi zachuma za ku Keynesian, zopereka za akatswiri azachuma achikale zimakhalabe mzati wofunikira pakumvetsetsa kwathu kayendetsedwe ka zachuma.
Mwa kumvetsetsa mbiri ya chiphunzitso cha zachuma chakale, titha kumvetsetsa bwino momwe malingaliro awa adapangira mfundo zachuma ndi machitidwe abizinesi omwe tikukhalamo lero. Cholowa chanzeru cha akatswiri azachuma chakale chikupitilira kukhala ndi mphamvu, kutipatsa chidziwitso chofunikira chothana ndi mavuto azachuma omwe alipo komanso amtsogolo.
