Tanthauzo la Chitukuko Chachuma Malinga ndi Akatswiri
Zachuma zachitukuko ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la zachuma, makamaka kwa mayiko omwe akuyesetsa kukonza ubwino wa anthu awo. Cholinga chachikulu cha zachuma zachitukuko chimapitirira kuchuluka kwa kukula kwachuma monga Gross Domestic Product (GDP) mpaka kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kukonza moyo wabwino, kugawa ndalama mofanana, kuchepetsa umphawi, kukulitsa mwayi wantchito, komanso kukonza ubwino wa anthu. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, akatswiri amatanthauzira zachuma zachitukuko mosiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza tanthauzo la zachuma zachitukuko malinga ndi akatswiri ndipo ikuwonetsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zikukambidwa pa zachuma zachitukuko.
Kumvetsetsa Kwathunthu kwa Zachuma Zachitukuko
Kawirikawiri, zachuma zachitukuko ndi nthambi ya zachuma yomwe imaphunzira njira zowongolera ubwino wa anthu kwa nthawi yayitali, makamaka m'maiko osatukuka. Sayansiyi imayang'ana momwe dziko lingagonjetsere mavuto osiyanasiyana monga umphawi, kusowa ntchito, kusalingana, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kusakhazikika kwa ukadaulo, komanso kudalira chuma. Chifukwa chake, zachuma zachitukuko sizimangoyang'ana "momwe chuma chimakulira" komanso "momwe kukula kumeneko kumasangalalira ndi anthu."
Mosiyana ndi zachuma zazikulu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayang'ana kwambiri kukhazikika (kukwera kwa mitengo, kusinthana kwa ndalama, chiwongola dzanja, zachuma), zachuma zachitukuko zimagogomezera kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu—monga kusintha kuchoka ku chuma cha ulimi kupita ku chuma cha mafakitale ndi ntchito, kusintha gawo la ulimi, kukonza maphunziro ndi thanzi, komanso kulimbitsa mabungwe aboma.
Tanthauzo la Chitukuko Chachuma Malinga ndi Akatswiri
Malinga ndi akatswiri, matanthauzo angapo a zachuma zachitukuko amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ngati maumboni m'mabuku azachuma.
1. Michael P. Todaro ndi Stephen C. Smith
Todaro ndi Smith akufotokoza chitukuko ngati njira yokhudzana ndi magawo ambiri yomwe ikuphatikizapo kusintha kwakukulu m'makhalidwe a anthu, malingaliro a anthu, ndi mabungwe adziko, komanso kufulumizitsa kukula kwachuma, kuchepetsa kusalingana, ndikuchotsa umphawi. Mu dongosololi, zachuma zachitukuko zimaphunzira momwe njirazi zimachitikira m'magawo ambiri komanso momwe mfundo zingatsogoleredwere kuti zikwaniritse.
Tanthauzo la Todaro likugogomezera kuti chitukuko sichikutanthauza kukula. Kukula kwachuma n'kofunika, koma popanda chilungamo ndi kusintha kwa moyo, chitukuko chimaonedwa kuti n'chosakwanira. Maganizo amenewa amaikanso anthu pakati pa chitukuko, osati kungotulutsa chuma chokha.
2. Dudley Seers
Dudley Seers amadziwika ndi kufunsa mafunso ofunikira kuti aone ngati chitukuko chikuchitikadi: Kodi umphawi ukuchepa? Kodi kusowa ntchito kukuchepa? Kodi kusalingana kukuchepa? Ngati mayankho a mafunso atatuwa sakusintha, ndiye kuti chitukuko chimaonedwa ngati cholephera, ngakhale ndalama zomwe munthu aliyense amapeza zikukwera.
Kwa a Seers, zachuma zachitukuko ziyenera kuwunika kupita patsogolo kutengera zizindikiro za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kugawa, osati ziwerengero za GDP zokha. Lingaliro ili likulimbitsa lingaliro lakuti chitukuko chiyenera kukhala chophatikiza onse ndikufikira magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri m'gulu.
3. Amartya Sen
Amartya Sen amaona chitukuko ngati kukulitsa ufulu (chitukuko ngati ufulu). Malinga ndi Sen, chitukuko chiyenera kuonedwa ngati njira yokulitsa luso la anthu losankha ndikukhala ndi moyo womwe amauona kuti ndi wofunika. Chifukwa chake, zachuma zachitukuko zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kukulitsa mwayi wopeza maphunziro, chisamaliro chaumoyo, mwayi wantchito, ufulu wandale, ndi chitetezo cha anthu.
Tanthauzo ili limayang'ana kwambiri pa moyo wabwino ndi ulemu wa anthu. Malinga ndi maganizo a Sen, umphawi si kusowa ndalama kokha, koma kusowa luso ndi mwayi wopeza mwayi womwe ungathandize munthu kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.
4. Ragnar Nurkse
Ragnar Nurkse adagogomezera nkhani ya "gulu loipa la umphawi." Malinga ndi maganizo ake, mayiko osauka ali mumkhalidwe wosowa ndalama zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zisasungidwe bwino, ndalama zochepa, zokolola zochepa, ndipo pamapeto pake ndalama zochepa. Malinga ndi maganizo a anthu, zachuma zachitukuko zimaphunzira momwe angathetsere vutoli kudzera mu ndalama, kupanga ndalama, ndi mfundo zomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri.
Nurkse anagogomezera kufunika kosonkhanitsa ndalama ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu zopanga zinthu ngati zofunika kuti apulumuke mumsampha wa umphawi. Ngakhale kuti cholinga chake chinali cha zachuma, zopereka zake ndizofunikira kwambiri pomvetsetsa zopinga zomwe mayiko osatukuka ali nazo.
5. W. Arthur Lewis
W. Arthur Lewis amadziwika bwino ndi chitsanzo chake cha magawo awiri, chomwe chimaona chuma cha mayiko osatukuka ngati gawo lachikhalidwe (nthawi zambiri ulimi wodzisamalira) ndi gawo lamakono (makampani). Chitukuko chimachitika pamene antchito asintha kuchoka ku gawo lachikhalidwe lopanda zokolola zambiri kupita ku gawo lamakono lopanga zambiri, motero akuwonjezera zokolola za dziko.
Pachifukwa ichi, zachuma zachitukuko zikuyang'ana kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu, kukula kwa mafakitale, ndi kupanga ntchito zopindulitsa. Lewis adagogomezera kuti chitukuko sichikutanthauza kungowonjezera ndalama, komanso kusamutsa chuma kupita ku magawo opanga zinthu zambiri.
6. Gunnar Myrdal
Gunnar Myrdal adayambitsa lingaliro la "kuyambitsa zinthu zozungulira komanso zophatikizana." Iye adati umphawi ndi kusatukuka zimatha kuipiraipira chifukwa cha njira zolimbikitsirana, monga kusalingana kwa madera, maphunziro osalingana, ndi mabungwe ofooka. Zotsatira zake, madera otukuka amatha kupita patsogolo, pomwe madera osatukuka amasiyidwa kwambiri.
Malinga ndi maganizo a Myrdal, zachuma zachitukuko ziyenera kuthana ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, mabungwe, ndi kusalingana kwa madera. Chitukuko chimafuna njira zoyendetsera mfundo kuti zithetse zizolowezi za msika zomwe zingawonjezere kusiyana.
7. Simon Kuznets
Simon Kuznets adakambirana kwambiri za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kukula kwachuma ndi kusalingana kwa ndalama kudzera mu "Kuznets Curve." Iye adati kumayambiriro kwa kukula, kusalingana kumawonjezeka, koma pamapeto pake kusalingana kumatha kuchepa ndi kukula kwa mafakitale, maphunziro abwino, ndi mfundo zachikhalidwe.
Ngakhale kuti safotokoza zachuma zachitukuko mopepuka monga momwe dikishonale imafotokozera, zopereka za Kuznets ndizofunikira kwambiri pazachuma zachitukuko chifukwa zikuwonetsa momwe ndalama zimagawidwira munjira yokulirakulira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mfundo Zazikulu Zachuma Zachitukuko Kuchokera ku Matanthauzidwe Osiyanasiyana
Ngati tifotokoza mwachidule maganizo a akatswiri omwe ali pamwambapa, zachuma zachitukuko zili ndi mfundo zazikulu zingapo:
1. Chitukuko chili ndi mbali zambiri: chimaphatikizapo chuma, chikhalidwe, ndale, chikhalidwe ndi mabungwe (Todaro, Sen, Myrdal).
2. Zizindikiro za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndizofunikira monga momwe zizindikiro zachuma zilili: umphawi, kusowa ntchito ndi kusalingana ndiye zizindikiro zazikulu (Owona).
3. Kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu: kusintha kuchoka ku gawo lachikhalidwe kupita ku gawo lamakono lopindulitsa kwambiri (Lewis).
4. Udindo wa mabungwe ndi mfundo za boma: chitukuko sichimachitika chokha kudzera mu njira za msika; kulowererapo ndi ulamuliro wabwino ndizofunikira (Myrdal).
5. Kukulitsa kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama: ndikofunikira kuti tithetse msampha wa anthu omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa (Nurkse).
6. Kufanana ndi kuphatikizika: kukula kuyenera kusangalalidwa mofanana kuti chitukuko chiwongoleredi ubwino wa anthu (Kuznets, Todaro).
Mapeto
Tanthauzo la zachuma zachitukuko malinga ndi akatswiri likuwonetsa kuti chitukuko si kukula kwachuma kokha. Todaro ndi Smith akugogomezera chitukuko ngati njira yochuluka; Seers amayesa chitukuko kudzera mu kuchepetsa umphawi, kusowa ntchito, ndi kusalingana; Sen amaona chitukuko ngati kukulitsa ufulu ndi kuthekera kwa anthu; Nurkse akuyang'ana kwambiri pakuswa umphawi woipa kudzera mu ndalama; Lewis akugogomezera kusintha kwa magawo awiri; Myrdal akuwonetsa zinthu zomwe mabungwe ndi kusalingana zimasonkhana; pomwe Kuznets akugogomezera momwe kusalingana kumakhudzira kukula.
Mwa kumvetsetsa matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana awa, titha kuwona kuti zachuma zachitukuko ndi kuphunzira momwe mayiko ndi mabungwe angakulitsire moyo wabwino m'njira yokhazikika, yolungama, komanso yaumunthu. Chitukuko chopambana ndi chitukuko chomwe sichimangopanga kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kukula komanso chimakulitsa mwayi, kuchepetsa kusalingana, ndikukweza moyo wabwino kwa nzika zonse.
