Mutu: Chitsanzo cha Mafunso Okhudza Chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha Chisinthiko
Pendauluan
Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko ndi lingaliro lofunikira kwambiri pakumvetsetsa kwathu momwe moyo unayambira pa Dziko Lapansi. Pakati pa ziphunzitso zosiyanasiyana zomwe zaperekedwa, chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha chisinthiko ndi chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso zoyambirira komanso zotchuka kwambiri. Lamarck, katswiri wa zachilengedwe wa ku France, adanenanso kuti mitundu imasintha pakapita nthawi pogwiritsa ntchito ndi kusagwiritsa ntchito ziwalo komanso cholowa cha makhalidwe osinthidwa ndi zochitika za moyo. Ngakhale malingaliro a Lamarck alowedwa m'malo ndi chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chamakono, malingaliro ake akadali ofunikira m'mbiri ya sayansi. Nkhaniyi ifufuza chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha chisinthiko kudzera m'mabvuto angapo a zitsanzo ndi zokambirana zina zokhudzana nazo.
Zamkatimu za Nkhani
Chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha Chisinthiko
Tisanalowe m'nkhani ino, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kaye maziko a chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha chisinthiko. Mfundo zazikulu ziwiri za chiphunzitso cha Lamarck ndi izi:
1. Mfundo Yogwiritsira Ntchito ndi Kusagwiritsa Ntchito: Lamarck ankanena kuti ziwalo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi zamoyo zidzakula ndikukhala zangwiro, pomwe ziwalo zomwe sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri zidzafooka kapena kuzimiririka.
2. Cholowa cha Makhalidwe Omwe Amapezeka: Lamarck ankakhulupiriranso kuti makhalidwe kapena makhalidwe omwe amapezeka kapena kusintha panthawi ya moyo wa chamoyo amatha kuperekedwa kwa ana ake.
Phunziro la Nkhani: Khosi la Giraffe
Chitsanzo chimodzi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pofotokoza chiphunzitso cha Lamarck ndi kusintha kwa khosi la giraffe. Lamarck ankaganiza kuti giraffe poyamba anali ndi khosi lalifupi, koma pakapita nthawi, ankatambasula khosi lawo kuti afike pamasamba okwera m'mitengo. Kuyesetsa kosalekeza kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti khosi lisinthe kutalika kwake, komwe kenako kunaperekedwa kwa ana awo.
Mafunso ndi Kukambirana Zitsanzo
Kuti mumvetse bwino momwe chiphunzitso cha Lamarck chimagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso kutanthauziridwa, nayi zitsanzo za mafunso ndi zokambirana zawo:
Funso 1: Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kusagwiritsa Ntchito
Funso: Wosambira amene amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi tsiku ndi tsiku amakhala ndi minofu yamphamvu ya manja kuposa munthu amene sasambira kawirikawiri. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Lamarck, kodi kusintha kumeneku kungakhudze bwanji ana ake?
Kukambirana: Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Lamarck, minofu yamphamvu ya manja ya wosambirayo inali chifukwa cha kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri. Ngati Lamarck anali wolondola, khalidweli—minofu yamphamvu chifukwa cha kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse—likaperekedwa kwa ana. Komabe, chiphunzitso cha Lamarck sichikugwirizana ndi kumvetsetsa kwathu kwamakono, chifukwa makhalidwe omwe amapezeka pa moyo wa munthu (monga minofu yamphamvu kuchokera ku kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi) saperekedwa kwa ana mwa majini.
Funso 2: Kusintha ndi Cholowa
Funso: Tangoganizirani mbalame ikukhala pachilumba chodzaza ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Pakapita nthawi, mbalameyo imapanga mlomo wakuthwa komanso wautali kuti igwire tizilomboto bwino. Kodi chiphunzitso cha Lamarck chimafotokoza bwanji kusinthaku?
Kukambirana: Lamarck angafotokoze kuti chifukwa mbalameyi nthawi zonse inkafunika kugwira tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, inakhala ndi mlomo wakuthwa komanso wautali. Kusinthaku, chifukwa kunali chifukwa chogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, kudzaperekedwa kwa ana ake. Komabe, monga momwe zinalili kale, chidziwitso chathu chamakono chikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa thupi koteroko sikunalowe m'malo mwa majini pokhapokha ngati pali kusintha kwa majini komwe kumayambitsa.
Funso 3: Kutaya Ziwalo
Funso: Nyama yomwe poyamba inali ndi maso ogwira ntchito inakhala ndi moyo m'malo amdima a phanga kwa mibadwo yambiri, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti masowo akhale opanda ntchito ndipo pamapeto pake anatha. Kodi Lamarck angafotokoze bwanji izi?
Kukambirana: Lamarck angagwiritse ntchito mfundo yosagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza izi. Chifukwa chokhala m'malo amdima, maso sagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndipo chifukwa chake, m'mibadwo yambiri, maso sakula bwino ndipo amatha. Malinga ndi maganizo a Lamarck, khalidweli ndi lobadwa nalo, kotero kuti anawo samakhala ndi maso ogwira ntchito.
Kutsutsidwa kwa Chiphunzitso cha Lamarck
Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso cha Lamarck chinapereka chidziwitso choyambirira cha chisinthiko, chinali ndi zofooka zazikulu. Chotsutsa chachikulu chinali chakuti chiphunzitso cha makhalidwe obadwa nacho sichinachirikizidwe ndi umboni wa majini. Kafukufuku wamakono wa majini akusonyeza kuti chidziwitso cha majini chomwe chimaperekedwa kwa ana sichimakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa thupi komwe kumachitika mwa anthu pa moyo wawo.
Pambuyo pofufuza mozama, chiphunzitso cha Darwin ndi kapangidwe kamakono ka chisinthiko komwe kumaphatikizapo majini kunavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi sayansi, popeza adafotokoza momwe kusiyana kwa majini m'magulu kungathandizire kusintha kwa chisinthiko kudzera mu kusankha kwachilengedwe.
Mapeto
Ngakhale kuti si zoona kwenikweni malinga ndi miyezo ya sayansi ya masiku ano, chiphunzitso cha Lamarck cha chisinthiko chinathandiza kwambiri pakukula koyambirira kwa malingaliro a chisinthiko. Kudzera mu mfundo zogwiritsira ntchito ndi kusagwiritsa ntchito komanso cholowa cha makhalidwe omwe apezeka, Lamarck anayesa kufotokoza momwe mitundu imasinthira pakapita nthawi. Ngakhale kuti malingaliro awa tsopano akonzedwa ndikulowedwa m'malo ndi kumvetsetsa bwino majini, kuphunzira chiphunzitso cha Lamarck kumapereka chidziwitso chofunikira cha mbiri yakale pakukula kwa sayansi ya chisinthiko.
