Mutu: Chitsanzo cha Mafunso Okambirana pa Chiphunzitso kuyambira pa Prokaryotic kupita ku Eukaryotic
Pendauluan
Mu biology, imodzi mwa mitu yofunika kwambiri yomwe ikukambidwa ndi kusintha kuchokera ku zamoyo za prokaryotic kupita ku eukaryotic. Ma Prokaryotes ndi zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi zomwe zilibe nucleus ndi organelles zomangidwa ndi nembanemba, monga mabakiteriya ndi archaea. Pakadali pano, ma eukaryotes ndi zamoyo zomwe zili ndi maselo okhala ndi nucleus yeniyeni ndi organelles zomangidwa ndi nembanemba, kuphatikizapo nyama, zomera, bowa, ndi ma protists. Chiphunzitso ichi cha kusintha ndi chimodzi mwa zochitika zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya moyo padziko lapansi.
Chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino chomwe chikufotokoza kusinthaku ndi chiphunzitso cha endosymbiosis, chomwe chinayamba kutchuka ndi Lynn Margulis mu 1967. Chiphunzitsochi chimanena kuti ma eukaryotes adasinthika kuchokera ku ubale wapakati pa maselo angapo a prokaryotic. Nkhaniyi iwunikanso mavuto a zitsanzo ndikukambirana za chiphunzitsochi, chomwe mwina chingathandize kumvetsetsa kusintha kwa maselo.
Mafunso ndi Kukambirana Zitsanzo
Funso 1: Fotokozani chiphunzitso cha endosymbiosis ndipo fotokozani umboni wochirikiza chiphunzitsochi.
Kukambirana:
Chiphunzitso cha endosymbiosis chimafotokoza kuti ma organelle monga mitochondria ndi ma chloroplast m'maselo a eukaryotic adachokera ku ma prokaryotes okhala ndi moyo wodziyimira pawokha omwe amakhala mkati mwa selo lakale la eukaryotic. Poyamba, selo la aerobic prokaryotic linalowa mu selo lina lalikulu la prokaryotic ngati endosymbiont. Patapita nthawi, ubale wa symbiotic unapindulitsa onse awiri, ndipo selo lolandiralo linapindula ndi mphamvu ya endosymbiont ya kagayidwe kachakudya, pomwe endosymbiont inalandira malo otetezeka komanso zinthu zina. Pomaliza pake, endosymbiont iyi inasanduka organelle.
Umboni wothandizira chiphunzitso cha endosymbiosis ndi:
1. Mitochondria ndi ma chloroplast ali ndi DNA yawo yozungulira yomwe imafanana ndi DNA ya bakiteriya.
2. Ma organelle onsewa ali ndi ma nembanemba awiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti gawo limodzi la nembanemba limachokera ku ma vesicles a phagocytic a selo lokhalamo.
3. Mitochondria ndi ma chloroplast amaberekana okha popanda selo kudzera mu binary fission, njira yomwe ma prokaryotes amagwiritsa ntchito.
4. Kusanthula kwa phylogenetic kukuwonetsa kuti majini omwe ali mu mitochondria ndi ma chloroplast amafanana kwambiri ndi majini a bakiteriya kuposa majini omwe ali mu nyukiliyasi ya eukaryotic.
Funso 2: Perekani chitsanzo cha chamoyo chomwe chimachirikiza chiphunzitso cha endosymbiosis.
Kukambirana:
Chitsanzo chimodzi cha chamoyo chomwe chimachirikiza chiphunzitso cha endosymbiosis ndi Amoeba proteus ndi bakiteriya wake. Amoeba proteus ndi protozoan ya eukaryotic yomwe imapanga ubale wogwirizana ndi mabakiteriya ndi algae. Ubale uwu umatilola kuwona mtundu woyambirira wa ubale wa endosymbiosis.
Chitsanzo china ndi Cyanophora paradoxa, katswiri wa eukaryotic yemwe ali ndi cyanelles, organelles a photosynthetic omwe amaganiziridwa kuti ndi endosymbionts a cyanobacteria. Kukhalapo kwa zamoyozi kukusonyeza ubale wogwirizana womwe unapitiliza kupanga ma chloroplast m'zamoyo zina za photosynthesis.
Funso 3: Kodi mitochondria ndi ma chloroplast angaganizidwe bwanji ngati zotsatira za kusintha kuchokera ku ma prokaryotes?
Kukambirana:
Mitochondria ndi ma chloroplast akuganiziridwa kuti adachokera ku ma prokaryotes chifukwa cha kufanana komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa, monga kukhalapo kwa DNA yozungulira ndi kubereka kudzera mu binary fission. Kuphatikiza apo, kusanthula kwa majini kukuwonetsa kuti ma chloroplast amachokera ku cyanobacteria ndi mitochondria kuchokera ku proteobacteria. Deta ya mamolekyu imasonyeza kuti majini ena mu mitochondria ndi ma chloroplast ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi majini mu mabakiteriya ena.
Njira yosinthirayi mwina idachitika m'magawo angapo, ndipo gawo loyamba linali chamoyo cha prokaryotic chomwe chimakhala m'malo okhala ndi ma probiotic ambiri. Kuyamwa ndi kusunga ma endosymbionts sikunangopereka zabwino zokha komanso kunakhudza luso la chamoyo kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chikhale ndi mwayi waukulu wosinthira.
Funso 4: Kodi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maselo a prokaryotic ndi eukaryotic ndi kotani poganizira momwe maselo amagwirira ntchito?
Kukambirana:
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maselo a prokaryotic ndi eukaryotic ndi awa:
1. Kupezeka kwa Nucleus: Maselo a Eukaryotic ali ndi nucleus yeniyeni yotetezedwa ndi nembanemba ya nyukiliya, pomwe maselo a prokaryotic alibe nucleus; DNA yawo ili mu cytoplasm m'dera lotchedwa nucleoid.
2. Kapangidwe ka DNA: DNA m'maselo a prokaryotic ndi yozungulira komanso yosavuta, pomwe DNA m'ma eukaryotes ndi yovuta komanso yolunjika ndi ma histones omwe amapanga chromatin.
3. Ma Organelles Omangidwa ndi Membrane: Maselo a Eukaryotic ali ndi ma organelles osiyanasiyana omangidwa ndi membrane, monga mitochondria, ma chloroplast, Golgi apparatus, ndi endoplasmic reticulum. Maselo a Prokaryotic alibe ma organelles awa.
4. Kukula kwa Selo: Kawirikawiri, maselo a eukaryotic ndi akuluakulu kuposa maselo a prokaryotic.
5. Kugawa kwa Maselo: Maselo a Prokaryotic amagawa maselo a binary, pomwe maselo a eukaryotic amagawa kudzera mu mitosis kapena meiosis.
Mapeto
Kusintha kuchoka pa zamoyo za prokaryotic kupita ku eukaryotic kunali gawo lofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwa moyo padziko lapansi. Kudzera mu chiphunzitso cha endosymbiosis, timamvetsetsa momwe ma prokaryotes adasinthira kukhala maselo ovuta a eukaryotic, omwe amatha kupanga zovuta za moyo monga momwe tikudziwira lero. Kumvetsetsa njira ndi umboni womwe uli kumbuyo kwa chiphunzitsochi kumathandiza kufotokoza kusiyanasiyana ndi kusintha kwa zamoyo padziko lapansi lathu. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira mafunso okhudza chiphunzitsochi kudzakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa chiyambi cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo padziko lapansi.
