Zitsanzo za Mafunso Okhudza Mayina a Ma Organic Compounds
Chemistry yachilengedwe ndi nthambi ya chemistry yomwe imaphunzira kapangidwe, makhalidwe, kapangidwe, machitidwe, ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala a kaboni, mamolekyu ofunikira a moyo. Mu chemistry yachilengedwe, kutchula chinthu sikokhazikika. Pali malamulo wamba omwe amadziwika kuti IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Maina omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchula mankhwala achilengedwe awa. Nkhaniyi ikambirana zitsanzo zingapo za mavuto ndi zokambirana zawo zokhudzana ndi mayina a mankhwala achilengedwe kutengera malamulo a IUPAC.
Mau Oyamba a Dzina la Organic Compound
Tisanayambe kukambirana mafunsowa, zingakhale bwino kuwunikanso mwachidule malamulo oyambira otchulira mayina a zinthu zachilengedwe:
1. Kudziwa unyolo waukulu: Unyolo wautali kwambiri wa kaboni womwe uli ndi gulu lalikulu logwira ntchito.
2. Kuwerengera maatomu a kaboni mu unyolo waukulu: Kuwerengera kumachitika kuti gulu lalikulu logwira ntchito lipeze chiwerengero chotsika kwambiri.
3. Kutchula mayina a zinthu zolowa m'malo: Magulu olowa m'malo omwe ali pa unyolo waukulu amatchulidwa ndi kuyikidwa kutengera chiwerengero cha atomu ya kaboni yomwe amalumikizidwa.
4. Ngati pali zilembo zosinthira zingapo, zimayikidwa motsatira zilembo za alfabeti, ndipo ngati pali zilembo zosinthira zingapo zamtundu womwewo, gwiritsani ntchito mawu oyamba di-, tri-, tetra-, ndi zina zotero.
Mafunso ndi Kukambirana Zitsanzo
Funso 1
Perekani dzina la IUPAC la mankhwala otsatirawa:
Kukambirana:
1. Dziwani unyolo wautali kwambiri wa kaboni: Tili ndi unyolo wautali kwambiri wa kaboni wokhala ndi maatomu 6 a kaboni, kotero ndiye unyolo waukulu.
2. Gulu lalikulu la ntchito: Apa tikuwona gulu la mowa (-OH) pa nambala 2 ya kaboni.
3. Manambala a unyolo waukulu: Manambala amayambira kumapeto kwa gulu la -OH kotero kuti -OH ili pa nambala 2 ya kaboni.
4. Zina zolowa m'malo: Pali gulu la methyl (-CH₃) pa carbon nambala 4.
Dzina la IUPAC: 4-methylhexane-2-ol
Funso 2
Perekani dzina la IUPAC la mankhwala otsatirawa:
Kukambirana:
1. Dziwani unyolo wautali kwambiri wa kaboni womwe umaphatikizapo gulu lalikulu logwira ntchito: unyolo wautali kwambiri wa kaboni uli ndi maatomu 7.
2. Gulu lalikulu logwira ntchito: Timapeza gulu la carboxylic (carboxylic acid) kumapeto kwa unyolo.
3. Kuwerengera manambala a unyolo: Kuwerengera kumayambira kumapeto komwe kuli gulu la carboxylate.
4. Zina zolowa m'malo: Pali gulu la ethyl (-C₂H₅) pa carbon nambala 3.
Dzina la IUPAC: 3-ethylheptanoate
Funso 3
Dziwani dzina la IUPAC la mankhwala otsatirawa:
Kukambirana:
1. Dziwani unyolo wautali kwambiri wa kaboni wokhala ndi cholowa chachikulu kwambiri (unyolo wa maziko: maatomu 5 a kaboni).
2. Gulu lalikulu la ntchito: Palibe kutengera mawonekedwe, kuyang'ana kwambiri zinthu zina.
3. Kulemba manambala kuchokera kumapeto kwa pafupi ndi chosinthira chachikulu.
4. Zina zolowa m'malo: pali magulu a chloro (-Cl) pa manambala a kaboni 2 ndi 4.
Dzina la IUPAC: 2,4-dichloro-pentane
Funso 4
Dzina la IUPAC la mankhwala otsatirawa:
Kukambirana:
1. Unyolo wautali kwambiri wa kaboni (uli ndi maatomu atatu a kaboni).
2. Gulu lalikulu logwira ntchito: Gulu la mowa (-OH) pa nambala 1 ya kaboni.
3. Palibe zina zolowa m'malo.
Dzina la IUPAC: propan-1-ol
Funso 5
Perekani dzina la IUPAC la mankhwala otsatirawa:
Kukambirana:
1. Kapangidwe koyambira ka kayendedwe ka zinthu: Cyclohexane (maatomu 6 a kaboni).
2. Magulu akuluakulu ogwira ntchito: Gulu la mowa (-OH) pa kaboni nambala 1 ndi ethyl pa kaboni nambala 4.
3. Tchulani zinthu zina zomwe zingalowe m'malo mwa zomwe zili mu cyclic.
Dzina la IUPAC: 4-ethyl-cyclohexanol
Mafunso Owonjezera Okhudza Kuchita Zinthu
Kuti mumvetse bwino nkhaniyi, nayi mafunso ena omwe mungayese:
1. Kodi dzina la IUPAC la mankhwala otsatirawa ndi chiyani? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-OH
2. Perekani dzina la IUPAC la: CH₃-CH₂-CHO
3. Dziwani dzina la IUPAC la mankhwala otsatirawa: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH
4. Kodi dzina la IUPAC la mankhwala otsatirawa ndi chiyani? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-COCl
5. Perekani dzina la IUPAC la compound yozungulira: C₆H₆ ndi methyl substituent imodzi (-CH₃).
Maziko Okhudza Kutchula Magulu Ogwira Ntchito Ambiri
1. Ma Alkanes: Ali ndi ma bond a carbon-carbon (CC) σ okha.
2. Ma Alkenes: Ali ndi bond imodzi kapena ziwiri (C=C).
3. Alkynes: Ili ndi bond imodzi kapena zitatu (C≡C).
4. Mowa: Uli ndi gulu la hydroxyl functional (-OH).
5. Aldehydes: Ili ndi gulu la formyl (-CHO).
6. Ketone: Ili ndi gulu la carbonyl (C=O) lozunguliridwa ndi magulu awiri a alkyl.
7. Carboxylic Acid: Ili ndi gulu la carboxyl (–COOH).
8. Ester: Ili ndi gulu la carbonyl (C=O) lolumikizidwa ku -OR.
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa mayina a zinthu zopangidwa ndi organic ndikofunikira kuti tilankhulane bwino komanso kupewa chisokonezo pakuphunzira za chemistry. Mwa kuchita kutchula zinthu izi motsatira malamulo a IUPAC, titha kumvetsetsa mosavuta ndikugawa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi organic zomwe timakumana nazo. Nkhaniyi ndi poyambira pabwino pofufuza mozama za dziko la organic chemistry ndi mayina ake. Pitirizani kuchita ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana ndi kufufuza kuti mumvetse bwino.
