Mafunso ndi Kukambirana za Ma Compound Alleles
Pendauluan
Ma alele ambiri ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu majini pofotokoza kukhalapo kwa ma alele oposa awiri pamalo amodzi a majini. Izi zimasiyana ndi njira yakale ya Mendelian inheritance pattern, yomwe imaganizira ma alele awiri okha a jini imodzi: alele yolamulira ndi yobwerera m'mbuyo. Ma alele ambiri amapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini ndipo amapezeka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana zitsanzo zingapo zokhudzana ndi ma alele ambiri ndi mayankho awo.
Lingaliro Loyamba la Ma Allele Ambiri
Ma allele ambiri ndi gulu la ma allele oposa awiri omwe ali pamalo omwewo pa ma chromosome awiri ofanana. Kupezeka kwa ma allele ambiri kumalola kusiyana kwakukulu kwa phenotypic mwa anthu. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha cholowa cha ma allele ambiri ndi mtundu wa magazi a munthu (dongosolo la ABO), momwe muli ma allele atatu: \(I^A\), \(I^B\), ndi \(i\).
Chitsanzo Funso 1: Magulu a Magazi a Dongosolo la ABO
Funso:
Mwamuna wa gulu la magazi A akwatira mkazi wa gulu la magazi B. Ali ndi mwana wa gulu la magazi O. Dziwani mitundu ya majini yomwe ingakhalepo ya makolo.
Kukambirana:
Mtundu wa magazi A ukhoza kukhala ndi genotype \(I^AI^A\) kapena \(I^Ai\), pomwe mtundu wa magazi B ukhoza kukhala ndi genotype \(I^BI^B\) kapena \(I^Bi\). Mtundu wa magazi O ukhoza kukhala ndi genotype yokha \(ii\). Popeza mwanayo ali ndi mtundu wa magazi O, makolo onse awiri ayenera kupereka \(i\) allele.
– Munthu wokhala ndi magazi a mtundu A wokhala ndi majini \(I^Ai\).
– Mkazi wokhala ndi magazi a mtundu B wokhala ndi majini \(I^Bi\).
Ngati tipanga tebulo lolumikizira majini (punnett square), tikhoza kuona zotsatira za mtanda wawo motere:
| | \(I^A\) | \(i\) |
|———-|———|——–|
| | \(I^B\) | \(I^AI^B\) | \(Ine^Bi\) |
| \(i\) | \(I^Ai\) | \(ii\) |
Mitundu yomwe ingakhalepo ya mwana:
– \(I^AI^B\): Mtundu wa magazi AB
– \(I^Bi\): Mtundu wa magazi B
– \(I^Ai\) : Mtundu wa magazi A
– \(ii\) : Mtundu wa magazi O
Mwana yemwe ali ndi gulu la magazi la O ali ndi genotype \(ii\) yomwe ingachitike kotero zitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti mitundu yomwe ingakhalepo ya makolo onse awiri ndi \(I^Ai\) ndi \(I^Bi\).
Chitsanzo Funso 2: Mtundu wa Ubweya mu Akalulu
Funso:
Mu akalulu, mtundu wa ubweya umatsimikiziridwa ndi gulu la ma alleles angapo mu dongosolo la dominance \(C > c^c > c^h > c\). Mitundu ya ubweya yomwe ingakhalepo ndi iyi:
– \(CC, Cc^c, Cc^h, Cc\): Wakuda tsitsi
– \(c^cc^c, c^cc^h, c^cc\): Sepia-toned
– \(c^hc^h, c^hc\): ubweya wa ku Himalaya
– \(cc\): Ubweya wa Albino
Ngati akalulu awiri a sepia akwatiwa, dziwani kuchuluka kwa ana awo.
Kukambirana:
Kalulu wokhala ndi ubweya wa sepia akhoza kukhala ndi mtundu wa genotype \(c^cc^c\), \(c^cc^h\), kapena \(c^cc\). Kuti timvetse mosavuta, tiyeni tiyerekeze kuti akalulu onse awiri ali ndi mtundu wa genotype \(c^cc^c\).
Kusakaniza akalulu ndi majini \(c^cc^c\) kuli motere:
| | \(c^c\) | \(c\) |
|———-|———|——–|
| \(c^c\) | \(c^cc^c\) | \(c^cc\) |
| \(c\) | \(c^cc\) | \(cc\) |
Chiŵerengero cha majini ndi phenotypic:
– \(c^cc^c\): ubweya wa Sepia
– \(2c^cc\): ubweya wa ku Himalaya
– \(cc\): Ubweya wa Albino
Chiŵerengero cha phenotype cha ana awo chinali 1 sepia: 2 himalayan: 1 albino.
Chitsanzo Funso 3: Matenda a Anthu
Funso:
Mu mkhalidwe wina wa majini, pali ma alleles anayi, omwe ndi \(A_1\), \(A_2\), \(A_3\), ndi \(a\) okhala ndi dongosolo la dominance \(A_1 > A_2 > A_3 > a\). Ngati munthu ali ndi ma genotype \(A_1a\) ndi \(A_3A_3\), dziwani mtundu wa munthu aliyense.
Kukambirana:
– Munthu wokhala ndi majini \(A_1a\): Popeza \(A_1\) ndiye wolamulira ma alleles ena onse, munthuyu adzawonetsa phenotype yogwirizana ndi \(A_1\) allele.
– Munthu aliyense wokhala ndi majini \(A_3A_3\): Popeza allele \(A_3\) ndi yolamulira allele \(a\) koma yocheperako ku \(A_1\) ndi \(A_2\), mtundu wa phenotype udzadalira momwe allele \(A_3\) imaonekera.
Mapeto
Kukambirana mafunso omwe ali m'nkhaniyi kukuwonetsa kuti cholowa cha makhalidwe okhala ndi ma alleles angapo n'chovuta kwambiri kuposa cholowa cha Mendelian chakale. Ma alleles angapo pamalo amodzi amapereka mwayi wosiyanasiyana wa phenotypic. Pomvetsetsa lingaliro la ma alleles angapo, titha kudziwa mosavuta zotsatira za majini mwa anthu. Kusanthula koteroko ndikofunikira pakuphunzira za majini ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito mu zamankhwala, kuswana, ndi zamoyo zosinthika.
