Zitsanzo za mafunso okhudza Mafunde a Kuwala

Zitsanzo 11 za Mafunde Owala

1. Chitoliro cha diffraction

Samalani ndi mawu otsatirawa:

(1) Sinthani gridi ndi gridi yokhala ndi mizere yambiri pa milimita imodzi.

(2) Kuwala komwe kumatsika kuchokera ku buluu kupita kuchikasu

(3) Sinthani kuwala komwe kumatuluka kuchokera kufiira kupita kubiriwira

(4) Sonkhanitsani chinsalu pafupi ndi gridi

Chomwe chikuphatikizidwa mu khama lowonjezera m'lifupi mwa mzere wowala mu kuyesa kwa diffraction grating ndi...

Zokambirana

Fomula yolumikizirana ndi mipata iwiri (kusokoneza komanga):

M'lifupi mwa mpata (d) ndi wochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mtunda wa pakati pa mpata ndi sikirini (L) kotero ngodya yake ndi yochepa kwambiri. Ngodya yake ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kotero kuti mtengo wa tchimo θ kuyandikira tangent θ.

sin θ ≈ tan θ = y / L

Zambiri:

y = m'lifupi mwa gulu lowala, n = dongosolo, λ = kutalika kwa nthawi, L = mtunda pakati pa grating ndi sikirini, d = m'lifupi mwa mpata.

d = 1 / (mizere 4000 / cm) = 0,00025 cm

(1) Sinthani gridi ndi gridi yokhala ndi mizere yambiri pa milimita imodzi.

Chitsanzo:

d = 1 / (mizere 1000 / cm) = 0,001 cm

d = 1 / (mizere 2000 / cm) = 0,0005 cm

d = 1 / (mizere 3000 / cm) = 0,0003 cm

d = 1 / (mizere 4000 / cm) = 0,00025 cm

Kutengera ndi kuwerengera kumeneku, ngati chiwerengero cha mizere pa milimita ndi chachikulu, ndiye kuti m'lifupi mwa mpata (d) ndi wocheperako. Kutengera ndi fomula yomwe ili pamwambapa, ngati m'lifupi mwa mpata (d) ndi wocheperako, ndiye kuti m'lifupi mwa mzere wowala (y) ndi wokulirapo.

Mawu awa ndi oona.

(2) Kuwala komwe kumatsika kuchokera ku buluu kupita kuchikasu

Kuwala kwa buluu kumakhala kochuluka kuposa kuwala kwachikasu, mosiyana

Kuwala kwabuluu kumakhala ndi kutalika kwa mafunde kochepa kuposa kuwala kwachikasu.

Ngati kuwala kwatsika kuchoka pa buluu kupita pachikasu, ndiye kuti kutalika kwa nthawi kumakula.

Kutengera ndi fomula yomwe ili pamwambapa, ngati kutalika kwa nthawi ya wavelength kuli kwakukulu, m'lifupi mwa mzere wowala (y) kumakhala kwakukulu.

Mawu awa ndi oona.

(3) Sinthani kuwala komwe kumatuluka kuchokera kufiira kupita kubiriwira

Kuwala kofiira kumakhala kocheperako poyerekeza ndi kuwala kobiriwira, mosiyana

Kuwala kofiira kumakhala ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yaitali kuposa kuwala kwachikasu.

Ngati kuwala kwatsika kuchoka pa kufiira kupita ku kubiriwira, ndiye kuti kutalika kwa nthawi ya kuwala kumakhala kochepa.

Kutengera ndi fomula yomwe ili pamwambapa, ngati kutalika kwa nthawi ya wavelength kuli kochepa, m'lifupi mwa mzere wowala (y) kumakhala kochepa.

Mawu awa ndi olakwika.

(4) Sonkhanitsani chinsalu pafupi ndi gridi

Kusuntha chinsalu pafupi ndi gridi kumatanthauza kuchepetsa L. Kutengera ndi fomula yomwe ili pamwambapa, ngati mtunda pakati pa gridi ndi chinsalu (L) ndi wocheperako, m'lifupi mwa bande lowala (y) ndi wocheperako.

Mawu awa ndi olakwika.

2. Kufalikira kwa kuwala

Mu kuyesa kwa diffraction yowala pogwiritsa ntchito grating ya 4.500 line.cm^-1, pa chinsalu choyikidwa patali L kuchokera pa grating, mtunda wa mzere wachiwiri wowala umaoneka ngati 1 mm. Ngati grating yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito yasinthidwa ndi grating ina yokhala ndi mizere 5.400.cm^-1, ndiye mtunda wa mzere wachiwiri wowala womwe umayesedwa kuchokera ku mzere wapakati wowala ndi…

A. 0,6 mm

B. 0,9 mm

C. 1,2 mm

ndi 1,6 mm

E. 2,2 mm

Zokambirana

Amadziwika kuti:

d₁ = 1 / (mizere 4500 / cm) = 1/4500 cm

n₁ = 2

y₁ = 1 mm = 0,1 cm

d₂ = 1 / (mizere 5400 / cm) = 1/ 5400 cm

n₂ = 2

Anafunsa kuti: y₂

Yankho:

Fomula yolumikizirana ndi mipata iwiri (kusokoneza komanga):

tchimo θ = n λ

M'lifupi mwa mpatawo ndi wochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mtunda wa pakati pa mpatawo ndi sikirini kotero ngodya yake ndi yochepa kwambiri. Ngodya yake ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kotero kuti mtengo wa sin theta uli pafupi ndi tangent theta.

sin θ ≈ tan θ = y / L

tchimo θ = n λ

d (y / L) = n λ

dy = n λ L

Zambiri:

d = m'lifupi mwa slit, y = mtunda pakati pa kuwala kwapakati ndi kuwala kwa nth order, n = dongosolo, λ = kutalika kwa nthawi, L = mtunda pakati pa grating ndi screen.

Kuyesera 1:

d₁ y₁ =n₁ λ L

(1/4500)(0,1) = (2) λ L

0,1 / 4500 = (2) λ L

0,1 / (2)(4500) = λ L

0,1 / 9000 = λ L

Kuyesera 2:

d₂ y₂ =n₂ λ L

(1/5400)(y₂) = (2) λ L

y₂ / 5400 = (2) λ L

y₂ / (2)(5400) = λ L

y₂ / 10.800 = λ L

Kutalika kwa kuwala (λ) komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi komweko ndipo mtunda pakati pa grating ndi screen (L) ndi womwewo.

λ L = λ L

0,1 / 9000 = y₂ / 10.800

(0,1)(10.800) = (y₂) (9000)

1080 = y₂ (9000)

y₂ = 1080/9000

y₂ = 0,12 masentimita

y₂ = 1,2 mm

Yankho lolondola ndi C.

Kusokoneza kwa Kuwala

3. Mipata iwiri yopapatiza, yotalikirana ndi 2 mm, imaunikiridwa mopingasa. Pa sikirini yomwe ili pamtunda wa mita imodzi kuchokera pa mipata, mzere wowala wachinayi umapangidwa, womwe uli pamtunda wa 1 mm kuchokera pa mzere wowala wapakati. Kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi…

A. 24 x 10^-6 m

B. 8,0 x 10^-6 m

C. 3,7 x 10^-6 m

D. 2,0 x 10^-6 m

E. 0,5 x 10^-6 m

Zokambirana

Amadziwika kuti:

Mtunda pakati pa mipata (d) = 2 mm = 2 x 10^-3 mita

Dongosolo (n) = 4

Mtunda pakati pa sikirini ndi mpata (l) = mita imodzi

Jarak Mzere wowala wachinayi kuchokera ku kuwala kwapakati (y) = 1 mm = 1 x 10^-3 mamita = 10^-3 mita

Anafunsa kuti: Utali wa mafunde a kuwala (λ)

Yankho:

Fomula yolumikizirana ndi mipata iwiri (kusokoneza komanga):

tchimo θ = n λ

Mtunda pakati pa mipata ndi wocheperako kuposa mtunda pakati pa mipata ndi sikirini kotero ngodya ndi yaying'ono kwambiri. Ngodya ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kotero kuti mtengo wake ndi wochepa. tchimo θ njira tangen θ.

Utali wa mafunde a kuwala (λ) :

Yankho lolondola ndi E.

4. Mu kuyesera kwa Young, mipata iwiri yopapatiza inagwiritsidwa ntchito, iliyonse ili pa mtunda wa 3 mm, ndipo chophimba chinayikidwa pa mtunda wa mita imodzi kuchokera ku mipatayo. Ngati kuwala kwachisanu ndi chimodzi kunapangidwa pa mtunda wa 1 mm kuchokera ku kuwala kwapakati, ndiye kuti kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala komwe kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kunali...

A. 0,5 x 10^-6 m

B. 2,0 x 10^-6 m

C. 3,7 x 10^-6 m

D. 8,0 x 10^-6 m

E. 24 x 10^-6 m

Zokambirana

Amadziwika kuti:

Mtunda pakati pa mipata (d) = 3 mm = 3 x 10^-3 mita

Dongosolo (n) = 6

Mtunda pakati pa sikirini ndi mpata (l) = mita imodzi

Jarak Mzere wowala wachinayi kuchokera ku kuwala kwapakati (y) = 1 mm = 1 x 10^-3 mamita = 10^-3 mita

Anafunsa kuti: Utali wa mafunde a kuwala (λ)

Yankho:

Utali wa mafunde a kuwala (λ) :

Yankho lolondola ndi A.

Makhalidwe a Mafunde Owala

5. Makhalidwe a mafunde:

(1) mawonekedwe a mafunde aatali

(2) akhoza kukana

(3) zingasokoneze

(4) ikhoza kugawidwa

(5) kufalikira kwake kumafuna njira yolankhulirana

Chiganizo chomwe chili pamwambapa chomwe chimadziwika ndi mafunde a kuwala ndi nambala…

A. (1), (2) ndi (3)

B. (1), (2) ndi (4)

C. (1), (3) ndi (5)

D. (2), (3) ndi (4)

E. (2), (2) ndi (5)

Zokambirana

Yankho lolondola ndi D.

6. 2015/2016 SMA/MA Fiziki Funso Ladziko Lonse la Mayeso Nambala 29

Samalani ndi mawu otsatirawa!

(1) Zingasokoneze

(2) Kukumana ndi kugawanika kwa mitundu

(3) Kukumana ndi diffraction

(4) Kukwawa popanda sing'anga

(5) Zingawonekere

Mawu olondola omwe ali pamwambapa okhudza makhalidwe a mafunde a phokoso ndi...

A. (1), (2), ndi (3)

B. (1), (3), ndi (5)

C. (1), (4), ndi (5)

D. (2), (3), ndi (4)

E. (3), (4), ndi (5)

Zokambirana

(2) Polarization imachitika ndi mafunde opingasa. Mafunde a mawu ndi mafunde a longitudinal.

(4) Mafunde omwe amafalikira popanda cholumikizira ndi mafunde amagetsi okha, mafunde amawu ndi mafunde amakanika omwe amafunikira cholumikizira kuti chifalikire.

Yankho lolondola ndi B.

Kugawanika kwa Ma Diffraction Grating

7. Chingwe cholumikizira ma diffraction chili ndi mizere 4.000 pa cm 2. Kuwala kwa monochromatic kumawunikira pa chingwecho, zomwe zimapangitsa mzere wowala wachiwiri. Ngati ngodya ya kupotoka ndi 30°,^o, ndiye kuti kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala ndi… (1) Å = 10^-10 m)

A. 8.000 Å

B. 6.250 Å

C. 5.000 Å

D. 4.500 Å

E. 4.000 Å

Zokambirana

Amadziwika kuti:

Chokhazikika cha lattice (d) = 1 / (mizere 4000 / cm) = 0,00025 cm = 2,5 x 10^-4 masentimita = 2,5 x 10^-6 mita

Dongosolo (n) = 2

tchimo 30^o = 0,5

1 Å = 10^-10 m

Anafunsa kuti: Kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala (λ)

Yankho:

Yankho lolondola ndi B.

8. Kuwala kwa kuwala kwa monochromatic komwe kumazungulira mafunde a 2,5.10^-7 m pa gridi yokhala ndi mikwingwirima 10.000/cm. Kodi ngodya ya mzere wowala wachiwiri ndi yotani?

A. 30^o

B. 37^o

C. 45^o

D. 53^o

60^o

Zokambirana

Amadziwika kuti:

Chokhazikika cha lattice (d) = 1 / (mizere 10.000 / cm) = 0,0001 cm = 1 x 10^-4 masentimita = 1 x 10^-6 mita

Dongosolo (n) = 2

Kutalika kwa mafunde a kuwala (λ) = 2,5 x 10^-7 mita

Anafunsa kuti: Ngodya (θ)

Yankho:

Yankho lolondola ndi A.

9. Kusokoneza kwa magawo awiri

Kuwala kwachikasu kwagwetsedwa pa mipata iwiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusokoneza kooneka pazenera. Kuchokera ku chiganizo chotsatirachi:

(1) Mzere wowala udzakhala wokulirapo ngati kuwala kwachikasu kulowedwa m'malo ndi buluu

(2) Mzere wowala udzakhala wokulirapo ngati mtunda pakati pa mipata wachepetsedwa.

(3) Kutali ndi kuwala kwapakati, mphamvu yake imakhala yochepa.

(4) mphamvu ya kuwala ikapitirira kuchokera pakati, imakhalabe yofanana.

Chiganizo cholondola ndi chakuti…

A. (1), (3) ndi (4)

B. (1) ndi (3) zokha

C. (1) ndi (4) zokha

D. (2) ndi (3) zokha

E. (2) ndi (4) zokha

Zokambirana

Mtunda pakati pa mipata ndi wocheperako kuposa mtunda pakati pa mipata ndi sikirini kotero ngodya ndi yaying'ono kwambiri. Ngodya ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kotero kuti mtengo wake ndi wochepa. tchimo θ njira tangen θ.

Fomula yosokoneza magawo awiri (kusokoneza komanga)

Zambiri:

d = mtunda pakati pa mipata, y = jArak mzere wowala kupita ku n kuchokera ku kuwala kwapakati, l = mtunda pakati pa sikirini ndi mpata, n = dongosolo, λ = pkutalika kwa mawimbi a kuwala.

(1) Mzere wowala udzakhala wokulirapo ngati kuwala kwachikasu kulowedwa m'malo ndi buluu

Kutengera ndi fomula iyi, chiwerengero cha mizere yowala (n) chimagwirizana mosiyanasiyana ndi kutalika kwa gmafunde (Ngati kutalika kwa wavelength kuli kochepa, chiwerengero cha mizere yowala (n) chimawonjezeka. Kuwala kwachikasu kumakhala ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali (kawirikawiri kocheperako) kuposa kuwala kwabuluu. Ngati kuwala kwachikasu kwalowedwa m'malo ndi buluu, kutalika kwa nthawi kumakhala kochepa, kotero chiwerengero cha mizere yowala (n) chimawonjezeka.

Mawu awa ndi oona.

(2) Mzere wowala udzakhala wokulirapo ngati mtunda pakati pa mipata wachepetsedwa.

Kutengera ndi fomula yomwe ili pamwambapa, mtunda pakati pa mipata (d) umagwirizana mwachindunji ndi chiwerengero cha mizere yowala (n). Ngati mtunda pakati pa mipata wachepetsedwa, chiwerengero cha mizere yowala (n) chidzachepa.

Mawu awa ndi olakwika.

(3) Pamene kuwala kwapakati kuli kutali, mphamvu yake imakhala yochepa.

Mphamvu imakhudzana ndi mulingo wa kuwala. Mphamvu imasiyana malinga ndi mtunda; mtunda ukakhala waukulu, mphamvu imachepa (kuchepa kwa kuwala).

Mawu awa ndi oona.

(4) Pamene kuwala kwapakati kukupitirira, mphamvu yake imakhalabe yofanana.

Mawu awa ndi olakwika.

Yankho lolondola ndi B.

10. Kuwala kwa kuwala kwa monochromatic komwe kumasinthasintha mafunde a 5.10^-7 M imalunjika molunjika ku grating. Ngati mtunda pakati pa sikirini ndi grating ndi 2 m ndipo kuwala kwachitatu kumawonekera pa sikirini pamtunda wa 150 cm kuchokera ku kuwala kwapakati, ndiye kuti mtunda pakati pa mipata ndi….

1. 4.10^-6 m
2. 3.10^-6 m
3. 2.10^-6 m
4. 3.10^-7 m
5. 2.10^-7 m

Zokambirana

Amadziwika kuti:
Kutalika kwa mafunde (λ) = 5 x 10^-7 mita
l = mamita awiri
n = 3
y = 150 cm = 1,5 mamita
Anafunsa kuti: chokhazikika cha latisi
Yankho:

tchimo θ ≈ tani θ = y / l = 1,5 / 2 = 0,75 = 75 x 10^-2

Mtunda pakati pa mipata:
d sin θ = n λ
d (75.10^-2) = (3)(5.10^-7)
d (75.10^-2= = 15.10^-7
d = (15.10^-7) / (75.10^-2)
d = (15/75).10^-5
d = (1/5)(10^-5mamita
d = (0,2)(10^-5mamita
d = 2.10, XNUMX^-6 mita
Yankho lolondola ndi C.

11. Kuwala kwa kuwala kofanana ndi kwa monochromatic komwe kumazungulira mafunde a 500 nm (1 nano = 10 nm)^-9) imabwera molunjika ku paNgati kuwala kwachinayi kumapanga ngodya yopatuka ya 30^o, chiwerengero cha mizere pa cm iliyonse ya gridi ndi….

1. 3000
2. 2500
3. 1250
4. 1000
5. 250

Zokambirana
Amadziwika kuti:
Kutalika kwa mafunde (λ) = 500.10^-9 mamita = 5.10^-7 mita
θ = 30^o
n = 4
Anafunsa kuti: chiwerengero cha mizere pa cm imodzi ya gridi
Yankho:
Mtunda pakati pa mipata:
d sin θ = n λ
d (chimo 30^o) = (4)(5.10^-7)
d (0,5) = 20.10^-7
d = (20.10^-7/ 0,5
d = 40.10, XNUMX^-7
d = 4.10, XNUMX^-6  mita

Chiwerengero cha mizere pa cm iliyonse ya gridi:
x = 1 / 4.10^-6  mita
x = 0,25.10⁶ mzere / mita
x = 0,25.10⁶ mzere / 10² cm
x = 0,25.10⁴ mzere / cm
x = 25.10² mzere / cm
x = mizere 2500 / cm
Yankho lolondola ndi B.

Gwero la Mafunso:

Mafunso a 2015/2016 a SMA/MA Physics UN