Zachilengedwe za Nkhalango ya Scrub ndi Moyo Wake
Nkhalango zouma ndi mtundu wa zachilengedwe zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndi "zachilendo" chifukwa nthawi zambiri sizimakhala ndi mitengo yayitali ngati nkhalango zamvula za m'madera otentha. Komabe, nkhalango zouma zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe ndipo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pothandizira nyama zakuthengo ndi moyo wa anthu. Nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati gawo losintha—pakati pa malo otseguka ndi nkhalango yokhwima—ndipo zimapereka malo okhala zomera zosiyanasiyana, tizilombo, mbalame, zokwawa, nyama zazing'ono, komanso tizilombo ta m'nthaka. Kumvetsetsa zachilengedwe za nkhalango zouma kumatanthauza kumvetsetsa njira zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa nthawi kuyambira miyezi mpaka zaka makumi ambiri.
Kodi Nkhalango ya Scrub ndi chiyani?
Kawirikawiri, malo obiriwira (chitsamba chachiwiri) ndi malo odzaza ndi zitsamba, zitsamba, ndi mitengo yaing'ono. Kapangidwe kake ka denga si kolimba ngati nkhalango yayikulu, yokhala ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana: nkhalango zina zimakhala zokhuthala ndipo sizingalowemo, pomwe zina zimakhala zotseguka komanso zosakanikirana ndi udzu. Malo obiriwira nthawi zambiri amapangidwa pambuyo pa chisokonezo monga kudula mitengo, moto, kulima mosinthasintha, kapena kudula nthaka komwe kumasiyidwa. Chifukwa chake, malo obiriwira nthawi zambiri amatchedwa gawo la secondary succession, njira yobwezeretsa zomera pambuyo poti chilengedwe chasokonekera.
Makhalidwe a Zachilengedwe ndi Kapangidwe ka Zachilengedwe
Poyerekeza ndi nkhalango zokhwima, nkhalango za zomera zimakhala ndi kuwala kwakukulu pansi chifukwa madenga awo sanatsekedwe mokwanira. Izi zimakhudza kutentha ndi chinyezi: masana amatha kutentha, pomwe usiku umazizira mofulumira. Chinyezi cha nthaka chikhoza kuchepa nthawi yachilimwe, koma nkhalango zowirira za zomera zimatha kusunga chinyezi chochepa kudzera mu kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, mthunzi kuchokera ku zitsamba, komanso malo abwino ophimbira nthaka kuposa malo otseguka.
Kapangidwe ka zomera nthawi zambiri kamakhala ndi:
1. Gawo la pansi: udzu, zitsamba, fern, mipesa, ndi mitengo yobiriwira.
2. Chitsamba/chitsamba: zomera zamatabwa zochepa zapakatikati ndizo zimakula kwambiri.
3. Mtengo waung'ono: mitengo yomwe ikukula kupita ku gawo lachiwiri la nkhalango.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa nyumbazi kumapanga "malo ambiri okhala" (malo okhala ndi zinyama zazing'ono) a nyama, makamaka nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimafunikira pogona.
Kulowa m'malo: Thicket ngati Gawo Lobwezeretsa
Zachilengedwe za nkhalango za zomera sizingasiyanitsidwe ndi lingaliro la kutsatizana. Pambuyo poti nthaka yasokonezedwa, mitundu ya zomera za zomera nthawi zambiri imatuluka koyamba. Mitengo ya zomera za zomera nthawi zambiri imakula mofulumira, imapirira kuwala kwambiri, ndipo imatha kufalikira kudzera mu mbewu zokonda kuwala kapena thandizo la nyama. Zitsamba ndi zitsamba zomwe zimakula mwachangu zimalimbitsa nthaka, zimachepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka, ndipo zimayamba kumanganso chonde kudzera mu kuchotsedwa kwa masamba ndi nthambi.
Kwa zaka zambiri mpaka makumi ambiri, ngati chisokonezo chichepa, udzuwo ukhoza kusanduka nkhalango yachiwiri yokhala ndi mitengo yayitali komanso denga lotsekedwa bwino. Komabe, ndi chisokonezo chobwerezabwereza (monga moto wokhazikika kapena kudula nthaka nthawi ndi nthawi), udzuwo ukhoza "kutsekedwa" mu gawo limenelo, kukhalabe ngati malo okulirapo osakhala nkhalango yokhwima.
Moyo wa Zomera: Mpikisano ndi Kusintha
Zomera m'nkhalango za zomera zimakumana ndi mpikisano waukulu wa kuwala, madzi, ndi michere. Zitsamba zokhuthala zimapikisana kupanga denga, pomwe mipesa imagwiritsa ntchito mitengo ya zitsamba ngati zothandizira kukwera m'malo owala. Mitundu yambiri ya zitsamba imasinthasintha monga:
– Masamba ang'onoang'ono kapena okhuthala kuti achepetse kutaya madzi.
– Minga kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti tipewe kudwala udzu.
- Kutha kumeranso mutadula kapena kuwotcha, mwachitsanzo kuchokera ku mphukira zoyambira kapena mizu.
Kuphatikiza apo, zomera zina zimapanga ubale wogwirizana ndi tizilombo ta m'nthaka, monga bowa wa mycorrhizal, womwe umathandiza kunyamula michere, kapena mabakiteriya okonza nayitrogeni, omwe amawonjezera chonde m'nthaka. Kuyanjana kumeneku kumathandizira "kubwezeretsa" kwa chilengedwe, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina njirayi siili yosalala.
Zinyama Zakuthengo: Anthu Omwe Amakhala Nthawi Zambiri Amanyalanyazidwa
Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri sizikhala nyama zazikulu monga nkhalango zazikulu, nkhalango za zomera ndi malo obisalamo mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo. Mbalame zodya zipatso komanso zowononga tizilombo zimagwiritsa ntchito zomerazi pomanga zisa, pogona, komanso pofunafuna chakudya. Malo obiriwirawa amaperekanso malo abwino okhala nyama zokwawa monga abuluzi ndi njoka zazing'ono, zomwe zimafuna malo otseguka kuti zizitha kusangalala komanso malo obisalamo okhala ndi mthunzi.
Zinyama zazing'ono monga mbewa zamatabwa, agologolo, kapena akamba a m'madzi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zitsamba ngati njira zotetezeka zoyendera kuchokera kwa adani. Tizilombo—kuphatikizapo njuchi, agulugufe, ndi tizilombo—timatulutsa timadzi tokoma, masamba aang'ono, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe kuchokera m'zinyalala. Pamlingo woyambira, zamoyo zam'nthaka monga nyongolotsi, chiswe, bowa, ndi mabakiteriya zimagwira ntchito mosawoneka, zimawononga zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomera zipeze michere.
Motero, nkhalango zowirira si zachilengedwe "zosauka" kwenikweni, koma zachilengedwe zokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mitundu yaying'ono ndi mitundu yomwe imakonda malo okhala otseguka pang'ono.
Mawende a Chakudya ndi Ntchito ya Zinyalala
Ukonde wa chakudya m'nkhalango za zomera umathandizidwa kwambiri ndi magwero awiri akuluakulu: zokolola zobiriwira (masamba, zipatso, mphukira) ndi zinyalala (masamba ogwa, nthambi, mitengo youma). Zomera zodya zomera monga ziwala, mbozi, ndi zinyama zina zimadya zomera. Tizilombo todya zomera timadya mbalame, akangaude, ndi zokwawa zazing'ono. Nthawi yomweyo, zinyalalazo zimagwira ntchito ngati "fakitale ya michere" ya zinthu zowola: bowa ndi mabakiteriya amaswa zinthu zachilengedwe, pomwe chiswe ndi mphutsi za tizilombo zimathandiza kuziswa kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono.
Zinyalala ndizofunikiranso posunga chinyezi m'nthaka komanso kuteteza pamwamba pa nthaka ku mvula yachindunji. Izi zimachepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka, makamaka pamalo otsetsereka kapena m'nkhalango zakale.
Ntchito Zachilengedwe: Kuchokera ku Dothi Losungira Zinthu Mpaka ku Zipinda Zakuthengo
Nkhalango za zitsamba zili ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe:
1. Kuteteza kukokoloka kwa nthaka: Mizu ya zitsamba ndi nthaka imasunga tinthu ta nthaka kuti tisamasuke mosavuta.
2. Kubwezeretsa chonde: Zinyalala ndi ntchito ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimathandiza kuti zakudya ziziyenda bwino.
3. Kusunga mpweya: Ngakhale kuti mtengo uli ndi biomass yochepa kuposa m'nkhalango zakale, zitsamba zimasungabe mpweya mu tsinde, mizu, ndi nthaka.
4. Kupereka njira zolumikizira: Madera obiriwira amatha kugwira ntchito ngati kulumikizana pakati pa zidutswa za nkhalango, kuthandiza kuyenda kwa nyama ndi kufalitsa mbewu.
5. Kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha kusefukira kwa madzi m'deralo: Zomera zimathandiza kuti madzi alowe m'madzi ndipo zimachepetsa madzi otuluka pamwamba.
Pankhani ya malo omwe ali kale ogawikana ndi misewu, minda, kapena midzi, zitsamba nthawi zambiri zimakhala "malo obiriwira" omaliza omwe ali ndi ntchito yofunikira.
Kuyanjana kwa Anthu: Ubwino ndi Mavuto
Kwa madera ena, malo obiriwira amapereka zinthu monga nkhuni, zomera zamankhwala, chakudya cha ziweto, ndi malo akanthawi olima. Komabe, malo obiriwira nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati "osabereka" ndipo amasinthidwa mosavuta. Mavuto ena ndi monga mitundu yowononga yomwe imatha kulamulira malo obiriwira, moto wobwerezabwereza, komanso kusaka nyama.
Kusamalira mwanzeru malo obiriwira kumafuna zinthu ziwiri zofunika kuziganizira: choyamba, malo obiriwira akhoza kukhala malo abwino oti abwererenso kunkhalango; chachiwiri, malo obiriwira angaperekenso malo okhalamo ofunikira kwa mitundu ina ya zomera. Chifukwa chake, mfundo zosungira zachilengedwe siziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri nkhalango zazikulu zokha, komanso ziyenera kuphatikizapo malo obiriwira ngati gawo la malo ogwirizana achilengedwe.
Kutseka
Zachilengedwe za nkhalango za zomera zimasonyeza kuti chilengedwe sichimakhalapo nthawi zonse ngati "nkhalango zazikulu" zazikulu. Nkhalango za zomera ndi zachilengedwe zosinthasintha—zodzaza ndi mpikisano, kusintha, ndi mgwirizano pakati pa zamoyo—ndipo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakubwezeretsa nthaka, kusunga nthaka ndi madzi, kupereka malo okhala, komanso kuthandizira ukonde wa moyo. Pomvetsetsa nkhalango za zomera ndi njira zotsatizana zomwe zimachitika mkati mwake, titha kuwona kuti gawo lililonse la zachilengedwe lili ndi phindu. Kuteteza ndi kuyang'anira mwanzeru nkhalango za zomera kumalola chilengedwe kuchira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti moyo womwe umadalira iwo umakhala wokhazikika.
