Ma Satellite Achilengedwe a Mapulaneti mu Dzuwa
Satelayiti yachilengedwe ndi thupi lakumwamba lomwe limazungulira dziko lapansi kapena dziko lapansi laling'ono chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka. Mu dongosolo la dzuwa, ma satelayiti achilengedwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "miyezi," ngakhale kuti poyamba linkatanthauza Mwezi wozungulira Dziko Lapansi. Kukhalapo kwa ma satelayiti achilengedwe sikungowonjezera chabe: kumakhudza kukhazikika kwa kuzungulira kwa dziko lapansi, kumapanga mafunde, kuyambitsa zochitika za geological, komanso kugwira ntchito ngati malo ophunzirira achilengedwe kuti amvetsetse kupangika kwa dongosolo la dzuwa. Kuyambira miyezi yaying'ono, yooneka mosiyanasiyana mpaka miyezi ikuluikulu kuposa Mercury, kusiyanasiyana kwa ma satelayiti achilengedwe kumasonyeza momwe mbiri ya chilengedwe chonse imakhalira yozungulira ife.
Chiyambi cha ma satellite achilengedwe: opangidwa, ogwidwa, kapena ogundana
Asayansi amaphatikiza mapangidwe a ma satellite achilengedwe m'zochitika zingapo zazikulu. Choyamba, amapangidwa ndi mapulaneti awo (kupangidwa pamodzi) kuchokera ku diski ya zinthu zozungulira dziko laling'ono. Izi zikukhulupiriridwa kuti zinachitika ndi ma satellite ambiri a mapulaneti akuluakulu monga Jupiter ndi Saturn, omwe ali ndi "ma mini-system" ofanana ndi ma solar system ang'onoang'ono. Chachiwiri, amagwidwa ndi mphamvu yokoka, pamene chinthu chodutsa chimataya mphamvu (mwachitsanzo, kudzera mu kulumikizana kwa matupi atatu kapena kukoka kwa mpweya koyambirira) ndipo chimagwidwa ngati satelayiti. Ma satellite ambiri ang'onoang'ono omwe mayendedwe awo amapendekeka kapena mosiyana ndi momwe dziko limazungulira amaganiziridwa kuti adachokera munjira iyi. Chachitatu, amapangidwa chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwakukulu, monga lingaliro lodziwika bwino la chiyambi cha Mwezi wa Dziko Lapansi: kugundana kwa chinthu chofanana ndi Mars ndi Dziko Lapansi laling'ono kunatulutsa zinthu zomwe pambuyo pake zinagwirizana kuti zipange Mwezi.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa ma satellite ozungulira—ena ozungulira komanso ofanana ndi equator ya dziko lapansi, ena ozungulira kwambiri, komanso ena obwerera m'mbuyo—kumasonyeza zizindikiro za njira zimenezi.
Mapulaneti a dziko lapansi: ma satellite ochepa, koma amphamvu kwambiri
Mapulaneti okhala ndi miyala (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma satellite ochepa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kochepa komanso mphamvu zochepa zokoka kuposa mapulaneti akuluakulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusamalira kapena "kusonkhanitsa" ma satellite akuluakulu.
Mercury: palibe ma satellite achilengedwe
Mercury ilibe ma satellite achilengedwe. Kuyandikira kwake ku Dzuwa kumapanga malo okoka kwambiri komanso a radiation. Kuphatikiza apo, dera lokhazikika la ma satellite ozungulira (komwe "sakokedwa" mosavuta ndi Dzuwa) ndi lochepa kwambiri.
Venus: palibe ma satellite, chinsinsi cha mphamvu
Venus ilibenso ma satellite achilengedwe. Malingaliro ena amanena kuti mwina Venus inali ndi ma satellite ang'onoang'ono omwe pambuyo pake adatayika chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa mafunde kapena kugundana. Kuzungulira pang'onopang'ono kwambiri kwa Venus komanso kubwerera m'mbuyo nthawi zambiri kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kukambirana ngati zakale zake zinali ndi chochitika chachikulu chokhudza kugwedezeka.
Dziko Lapansi: Mwezi monga chowongolera chokhazikika komanso choyendetsa mafunde
Dziko lapansi lili ndi satelayiti imodzi yachilengedwe yomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukula kwake: Mwezi. Mwezi umakhudza Dziko Lapansi m'njira zambiri, makamaka mafunde a m'nyanja ndi kukhazikika kwa mzere wake wozungulira. Kukhazikika kumeneku kumakhulupirira kuti kumathandiza kuti nyengo ya Dziko Lapansi ikhale yogwirizana kwambiri pa nthawi ya geological. Pamwamba pa Mwezi pali mbiri ya dongosolo loyambirira la dzuwa chifukwa lilibe mlengalenga komanso zochitika zamphamvu za tectonic monga Dziko Lapansi; mabowo ake amakhala ngati chosungiramo za zomwe zidagunda kale.
Mars: Phobos ndi Deimos, miyezi yaying'ono yomwe mwina inagwidwa
Mars ili ndi miyezi iwiri yaying'ono: Phobos ndi Deimos. Yonse ndi yosiyana mawonekedwe, yakuda, komanso yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa Mwezi. Asayansi ambiri amaganiza kuti ndi ma asteroid ogwidwa, ngakhale kuti akuganiziridwanso kuti adapangidwa kuchokera ku zinyalala kuchokera ku kugunda kwakukulu kwa Mars. Phobos imazungulira pafupi kwambiri ndipo pang'onopang'ono imatsika kupita ku Mars; ikuyembekezeka kuti pamapeto pake idzasweka kukhala mphete kapena kugwa pamwamba pa Mars.
Mapulaneti akuluakulu a gasi: ufumu wovuta wa ma satellite
Mapulaneti akuluakulu a mpweya (Jupiter ndi Saturn) ali ndi ma satellite ambiri chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo kwakukulu, ma disks akuluakulu opangidwa, komanso mphamvu yokoka yogwira zinthu.
Jupiter: Miyezi ya ku Galileya ndi kuthekera kwa dziko la nyanja
Jupiter ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha ma satellite ake anayi akuluakulu omwe Galileo Galilei adapeza mu 1610: Io, Europa, Ganymede, ndi Callisto (otchedwa ma satellite a ku Galilean). Onse anayi ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu:
– Io ndiye thupi lomwe limagwira ntchito kwambiri pa volcano mu dongosolo la dzuwa, lomwe limatenthedwa ndi mphamvu za mafunde kuchokera ku kukoka kwa Jupiter ndi ma resonances a orbital ndi Europa ndi Ganymede.
– Europa ili ndi malo osalala oundana, okhala ndi zizindikiro zamphamvu za nyanja yamadzi pansi pa ayezi—chinthu chachikulu chomwe chikufuna kufunafuna zamoyo za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
– Ganymede ndiye satelayiti yayikulu kwambiri mu dongosolo la dzuwa, ngakhale yayikulu kuposa Mercury, ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yakeyake ya maginito.
- Callisto ili ndi mabowo ambiri komanso "yachete," ndipo ili ndi mbiri yayitali ya kugundana.
Kuwonjezera pa ma satellite akuluakulu, Jupiter ili ndi ma satellite ang'onoang'ono ambiri, ambiri mwa iwo amazungulira m'mbuyo ndipo amaganiziridwa kuti ndi matupi ogwidwa kapena osweka a zinthu zazikulu.
Saturn: Titan, Enceladus, ndi maiko ozungulira
Saturn imadziwika kwambiri ndi kayendedwe kake ka mphete, koma miyezi yake ndi yosangalatsanso. Titan ndi mwezi waukulu kwambiri wa Saturn ndipo ndi wokhawo womwe uli ndi mlengalenga wokhuthala. Titan ili ndi nyanja ndi mvula ya methane/ethane, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofanana ndi njira zopangira mankhwala a pre-biotic ngakhale kutentha kwake kuli kozizira kwambiri.
Mwezi wina wodziwika bwino ndi Enceladus, womwe umatulutsa madzi oundana ndi nthunzi ya madzi kuchokera ku ming'alu yomwe ili kum'mwera kwake. Ma mphuno amenewa akusonyeza nyanja ya pansi pa nthaka yomwe ingakhale ndi malo okhalamo anthu. Tinthu tambiri tating'onoting'ono tochokera ku madzi oundana a Enceladus timathandizira ku mphete za Saturn, zomwe zimasonyeza ubale wapafupi pakati pa mwezi ndi kapangidwe ka mphete.
Mapulaneti akuluakulu a Ice: ma satellite apadera ndi zizindikiro za kusintha kwakukulu
Uranus ndi Neptune nthawi zambiri amatchedwa kuti zimphona zazikulu za ayezi chifukwa mapangidwe awo ali ndi "ma ice" ambiri monga madzi, ammonia, ndi methane pansi pa mphamvu yayikulu. Miyezi yawo imapereka chidziwitso cha mbiri yawo ya kugundana ndi kugwidwa.
Uranus: dongosolo la satelayiti lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zachilendo
Uranus ili ndi mzere wopendekeka kwambiri—imawoneka ngati “ikuzungulira” Dzuwa. Izi zikuganiziridwa kuti zinachitika chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwakukulu m'mbiri yake yoyambirira. Miyezi ikuluikulu ya Uranus, Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, ndi Miranda, imasonyeza malo ena osweka ndi zizindikiro za ntchito zakale. Miranda imadziwika chifukwa cha malo ake “osakanikirana” kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti yadutsa munjira zovuta za geology.
Neptune: Triton, satelayiti yobwerera m'mbuyo yomwe ikuganiziridwa kuti inagwidwa
Mwezi wofunika kwambiri wa Neptune ndi Triton, womwe umazungulira mobwerera m'mbuyo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti Triton ndi chinthu chogwidwa, mwina chochokera ku Kuiper Belt. Triton ili ndi ma geysers a nayitrogeni komanso malo oundana. Akuti kugwidwa kwa Triton kunasokoneza dongosolo lakale la Neptune, mwina kuwononga kapena kutulutsa miyezi yakale.
N’chifukwa chiyani ma satellite achilengedwe ndi ofunikira pa sayansi?
Kuphunzira za ma satellite achilengedwe kumayankha mafunso ambiri ofunikira: momwe mapulaneti amapangikira, momwe chemistry imasinthira, ndi komwe mikhalidwe yokhalamo ingayambire. Ma satellite monga Europa ndi Enceladus ndi ofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kukhala ndi madzi amadzimadzi ndi magwero a mphamvu zamkati. Mwezi wa Dziko Lapansi umathandiza kumvetsetsa mbiri yoyambirira ya kupangidwa kwa mapulaneti a padziko lapansi. Pakadali pano, ma satellite ang'onoang'ono, osakhazikika amapereka zizindikiro za kusamuka kwa mapulaneti ndikugwira njira mu dongosolo loyambirira la dzuwa.
Ma satellite amagwiranso ntchito ngati "olamulira" a mphamvu zamagetsi. Mphamvu za mafunde zimatha kutentha mkati mwa ma satellite, kutalikitsa ntchito ya geological, komanso kukhudza mlengalenga. Kuyanjana kwa ma satellite ndi mphete—monga "mwezi wa mbusa" womwe umateteza m'mphepete mwa mphetezo—kumasonyeza kuti mphamvu yokoka, kugundana kwa micro, ndi ma orbital resonances zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zipange kapangidwe kamene timawona.
Kutseka
Ma satellite achilengedwe a mapulaneti omwe ali mu dongosolo lathu la dzuwa ndi maiko ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi umunthu wodabwitsa. Ena ndi akufa ndi osweka ngati Callisto, ena awonongedwa ndi volcano ngati Io, ena ali ndi nyanja zobisika monga Europa ndi Enceladus, ndipo ena ali ndi mlengalenga wokhuthala ngati Titan. Kumvetsetsa ma satellite achilengedwe kumatanthauza kumvetsetsa mbiri ya kupangidwa kwa mapulaneti, mphamvu yokoka, ndi mwayi woti chilengedwe chothandizira chikhalepo. M'zaka zikubwerazi, maulendo amlengalenga olunjika ku miyezi yozizira ndi machitidwe a satellite a mapulaneti akuluakulu mwina adzakhala ofunikira poyankha mafunso akuluakulu: Kodi Dziko Lapansi ndi lapadera bwanji, ndipo kodi moyo ndi wotheka kwina kulikonse mu dongosolo la dzuwa?
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kuwonjezera tebulo lachidule la miyezi ikuluikulu ya pulaneti iliyonse kapena kupanga mtundu wa nkhani yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pa "miyezi yomwe ingakhalepo" monga Europa, Enceladus, ndi Titan.
