Kufotokozera za Zinthu ndi Zotsutsana ndi Zinthu
Pendauluan
Mu dziko la sayansi ya zakuthambo, mawu oti "chinthu" ndi "antimatter" amatifikitsa ku gawo la chinsinsi ndi zodabwitsa m'chilengedwe chonse. Malingaliro awiriwa, ngakhale osiyana, ndi ofanana kwambiri ndipo amakhudza momwe timamvetsetsera zochitika zosiyanasiyana zakuthambo. M'nkhaniyi, tifotokoza zomwe chinthu ndi antimatter zili, momwe zimagwirizanirana, komanso chifukwa chake ndizofunikira kwambiri mu cosmology yamakono.
Kodi Chinthu Chofunika N'chiyani?
Zinthu ndi chilichonse chomwe chili ndi kulemera ndipo chimakhala m'malo. Zinthu zotizungulira, monga matebulo, mipando, nyama, ndi anthu, zonse zimapangidwa ndi zinthu. Zinthu zimapangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ngati mapulotoni, ma neutroni, ndi ma elekitironi, zomwe zimasakanikirana kuti zipange maatomu. Kenako maatomu amenewa amasakanikirana kuti apange mamolekyu, omwe amapanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zina.
Zinthu zimapezeka m'magawo atatu akuluakulu: olimba, amadzimadzi, ndi mpweya. Zinthu zimenezi zimadalira kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwa malo omwe zili. Kupatula zinthu zimenezi, palinso mitundu ina, monga plasma, yomwe imapezeka m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, monga mkati mwa nyenyezi, kuphatikizapo Dzuwa.
Kodi Antimatter N'chiyani?
Antimatter ndi "maintaneti" a chinthu chokhala ndi makhalidwe ofanana koma chotsutsana ndi cholipiritsa. Mwachitsanzo, antiparticle ya elekitironi ndi positron, yomwe ili ndi cholipiritsa chabwino koma chofanana ndi electron. Mofananamo, antiproton ili ndi cholipiritsa choipa koma chofanana ndi pulotoni wamba.
Antimatter inanenedweratu koyamba ndi Paul Dirac mu 1928 kudzera mu Dirac equation, yomwe imaphatikiza quantum mechanics ndi chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha relativity. Dirac ananeneratu kukhalapo kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili ndi makhalidwe osiyana ndi a tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Kupezeka kwa positron kunatsimikiziridwa pambuyo pake ndi Carl Anderson mu 1932.
Kugwirizana Pakati pa Nkhani ndi Zinthu Zosafunika
Zinthu zikakumana ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi chinthu, zimadutsa mu njira yotchedwa chiwonongeko. Mu njira imeneyi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi chinthu zimawonongana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti unyinji wawo ukhale mphamvu, malinga ndi equation yotchuka ya Einstein (E=mc2). Kuwonongeka kumeneku kumabweretsa kutulutsa kwa kuwala kwa gamma komwe kumakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.
Kuononga zinthu ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi chilengedwe ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yosinthira unyinji kukhala mphamvu. Kwalimbikitsa zochitika zambiri mu sayansi yopeka, monga lingaliro la warp drive mu Star Trek, lomwe limaganiziridwa kuti limagwira ntchito motsatira mfundo imeneyi. Ngakhale kuti kuononga zinthu ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi chilengedwe ndi kothandiza, kupanga ndi kusunga zinthu zambiri zotsutsana ndi chilengedwe kumakhalabe vuto lalikulu m'dziko lenileni.
Zinthu Zosafunika Kwambiri M'chilengedwe Chonse
Pakadali pano, chilengedwe chonse chomwe timachiwona chimapangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri. Zinthu zotsutsana ndi chilengedwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri m'chilengedwe padziko lapansi. Funso limodzi lalikulu mu fizikisi ndilakuti chifukwa chiyani pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi chilengedwe chonse, komwe kumadziwika kuti vuto la "baryon asymmetry".
Chiphunzitso cha Big Bang chimati pakubadwa kwa chilengedwe chonse, zinthu ndi zinthu zinalengedwa mofanana. Komabe, ngati zinthu ndi zinthu zina zinalipo mofanana poyamba, zikanatha kuwonongana, kusiya chilengedwe chonse chodzaza ndi mphamvu zopanda mawonekedwe. Zoona zake n'zakuti izi sizinachitike, ndipo chilengedwe chonsecho chadzaza ndi zinthu.
Chiphunzitso chimodzi chomwe chaperekedwa kuti chifotokoze izi ndi chiphunzitso cha Charge Parity Violation (CP-violation). CP-violation ikusonyeza kuti particle physics nthawi zina imatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa chinthu ndi antimatter. Chochitikachi chawonedwa mu zoyeserera za kaons ndi B-mesons, koma sichikwanira kufotokoza kusiyana konse kwa chinthu ndi antimatter.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kuyesera ndi Antimatter
Ngakhale kuti ndi zosowa, antimatter yapangidwa pang'ono m'ma laboratories pogwiritsa ntchito ma particle accelerator monga Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ku CERN. Antimatter yomwe imachokera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mayesero osiyanasiyana asayansi kuti aphunzire makhalidwe ofunikira a tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi momwe timagwirira ntchito.
Njira imodzi yogwiritsira ntchito antimatter ndi njira zojambulira zachipatala, monga positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Mu PET scan, isotope ya radioactive yomwe imapanga ma positron imalowetsedwa m'thupi. Ma positron akakumana ndi ma elekitironi m'thupi, amawononga, ndikupanga ma gamma rays awiri omwe amatha kuzindikirika kuti apange chithunzi cha kagayidwe ka thupi m'thupi.
Kuphatikiza apo, antimatter ilinso ndi kuthekera kogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la mphamvu. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yayikulu yomwe imatulutsidwa panthawi yowononga, antimatter ikhoza kukhala chuma chothandiza kwambiri ngati kupanga ndi kusunga kwake kungathetsedwe. Izi zimapangitsa antimatter kukhala woyenera kufufuza mphamvu mtsogolo komanso kuyendetsa mlengalenga.
Tsogolo la Kafukufuku wa Zinthu ndi Zinthu Zotsutsana ndi Zinthu
Kuphunzira za zinthu ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi chilengedwe sikofunikira kokha kuti timvetsetse bwino chilengedwe chonse komanso kuli ndi ntchito zothandiza zomwe zingasinthe tsogolo la ukadaulo ndi thanzi la anthu. Vuto lalikulu masiku ano ndi momwe tingapangire, kusunga, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotsutsana ndi chilengedwe mosamala komanso moyenera.
Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wa particle accelerator ndi detector, titha kuyembekezera kuti kafukufuku pa zinthu ndi antimatter apitiliza kupereka chidziwitso ndikutsogolera ku zatsopano zazikulu. Mapulojekiti akuluakulu monga Belle II ku Japan ndi High Luminosity LHC ku Europe akugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti athetse chinsinsi cha matter-antimatter asymmetry ndikumvetsetsa particle physics pamlingo wozama.
Mapeto
Zinthu ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu ndi mfundo ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zimatipangitsa kumvetsetsa chilengedwe chonse. Ngakhale kuti zimawonongana zikakumana, kuyanjana kwawo kumapereka chidziwitso chakuya pa sayansi ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono, sayansi ya chilengedwe, ndi mfundo zazikulu za chilengedwe. Ngakhale mafunso ambiri akadali osayankhidwa, kafukufuku wopitilira m'munda uno akulonjeza kupeza zinthu zatsopano zomwe zingasinthe kumvetsetsa kwathu chilengedwe chonse ndikutsegula njira zodabwitsa zogwiritsira ntchito muukadaulo ndi moyo wa anthu.
