Kumvetsetsa Nyenyezi ndi Zovumbulutsa Zawo
Magulu a nyenyezi ndi njira imodzi yakale kwambiri yomwe anthu amamvetsetsa thambo la usiku. Kale kwambiri ma telescope asanayambe, mamapu amakono akumwamba, kapena sayansi ya astrophysics monga momwe tikudziwira masiku ano, anthu ochokera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ankayang'ana magulu a nyenyezi ndikuzilumikiza m'mapangidwe awo. Mapangidwe awa adadziwika kuti magulu a nyenyezi. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, magulu a nyenyezi si "zithunzi" zokha mumlengalenga, komanso amalumikizidwa ndi mbiri yachikhalidwe, kuyenda, makalendala, ndi chitukuko cha zakuthambo monga sayansi. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza tanthauzo la magulu a nyenyezi, ntchito yawo ndi mbiri yawo, komanso omwe "adawapeza" m'mbiri yabwino kwambiri.
Kumvetsetsa Nyenyezi za Nyenyezi
Mwachidule, gulu la nyenyezi ndi gulu la nyenyezi zomwe zimawoneka ngati zikupanga dongosolo linalake zikawonedwa kuchokera ku Dziko Lapansi, ndipo dongosololi limapatsidwa dzina. Mayina a gulu la nyenyezi nthawi zambiri amatanthauza zifaniziro za m'nthano, nyama, kapena zinthu, mwachitsanzo, Orion (msaki), Scorpius (chinkhanira), Leo (mkango), ndi zina zotero.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti nyenyezi zomwe zili mu gulu la nyenyezi sizimakhala pafupi nthawi zonse. Zimawoneka ngati zimapanga mawonekedwe chifukwa malo awo amaonekera kumwamba kuchokera kwa wowonera padziko lapansi. Zoona zake n'zakuti, nyenyezi iliyonse ili pamtunda wosiyana kwambiri ndi Dziko Lapansi, ndipo zambiri sizilumikizana ndi mphamvu yokoka.
Mu zakuthambo zamakono, mawu akuti gulu la nyenyezi ali ndi tanthauzo lovomerezeka kwambiri. Gulu la nyenyezi si chithunzi chongopeka chabe, koma ndi dera linalake la thambo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dera lonse lakumwamba limagawidwa m'madera ovomerezeka, lililonse lili ndi dzina la gulu la nyenyezi, mofanana ndi mayiko omwe ali pamapu a dziko lapansi.
Ntchito ya Magulu a Nyenyezi kwa Anthu
Magulu a nyenyezi akhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, kuphatikizapo:
1. Kuyenda ndi mayendedwe
Oyendetsa sitima ndi ofufuza zinthu zakale ankagwiritsa ntchito nyenyezi ngati “makampasi achilengedwe.” Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito gulu la nyenyezi la Ursa Minor (lomwe lili ndi Polaris, kapena North Star) kuti lidziwe kumpoto ku Northern Hemisphere.
2. Kalendala ndi nyengo
Kukwera ndi kulowa kwa magulu ena a nyenyezi pa nthawi zina pachaka kunathandiza anthu akale kuzindikira kusintha kwa nyengo. Izi zinali zofunika pa ulimi, miyambo, ndi kukonzekera maulendo.
3. Kujambula mapu a thambo ndi kulumikizana kwa zakuthambo
Magulu a nyenyezi amathandiza akatswiri a zakuthambo kunena malo a zinthu zakuthambo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu akamanena kuti "nebula mu Orion" kapena "planeti yooneka mu Taurus," zimathandiza kuzindikira malo onse.
4. Cholowa cha chikhalidwe ndi nthano
Magulu ambiri a nyenyezi amalumikizidwa ndi nthano ndi zikhulupiriro, motero amakhala mbali ya chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Mbiri Yachidule ya Magulu a Nyenyezi: Kuchokera ku Chikhalidwe Kupita ku Zakuthambo
Magulu a nyenyezi akhala akudziwika kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu ili ndi mayina awoawo, mwachitsanzo:
– Mesopotamia (Babuloni): wodziwika kuti ndi umodzi mwa mayiko otukuka kwambiri omwe adalemba mndandanda wa nyenyezi ndi zodiac.
– Greece Yakale: inakulitsa ndi kutchuka kwa magulu ambiri a nyenyezi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zachilengedwe zakumadzulo.
– China: ili ndi dongosolo la magulu a nyenyezi ndi “nyumba zachifumu zakuthambo” (asterism) zomwe zimasiyana ndi miyambo yachigiriki.
– Chiarabu: Akatswiri a zakuthambo achiarabu adapereka chithandizo chachikulu pakumasulira, kupanga, ndi kutchula nyenyezi zambiri; mayina ambiri a nyenyezi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano amachokera ku Chiarabu (monga Aldebaran, Betelgeuse, Rigel).
– Polynesia ndi zilumba za ku Indonesia: ali ndi miyambo yoyendera nyenyezi; m'madera osiyanasiyana a ku Indonesia, magulu ena a nyenyezi amadziwika ndi mayina am'deralo okhudzana ndi nthawi yobzala ndi miyambo.
Izi zikusonyeza kuti gulu la nyenyezi silinapezeke ndi munthu mmodzi yekha, koma zotsatira zake zonse chifukwa cha kuonera kwa nthawi yayitali m'mibadwo yonse.
Ndani Anapeza Nyenyezi za M'nyenyezi?
Funso lakuti ndani "anapanga" magulu a nyenyezi nthawi zambiri limabuka, koma yankho limafunika kufotokozedwa bwino. Magulu a nyenyezi sanapangidwe ndi wopanga mmodzi, monga foni kapena magetsi. Magulu a nyenyezi adachokera ku miyambo yosiyanasiyana yachikhalidwe. Komabe, anthu ndi mabungwe angapo akhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri pakukhazikitsa magulu a nyenyezi, makamaka m'miyambo ya zakuthambo zakumadzulo ndi zamakono.
1. Ptolemaios (Claudius Ptolemy) ndi magulu 48 a nyenyezi akale
Munthu amene nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi “magulu a nyenyezi” m’mbiri ya zakuthambo za Kumadzulo ndi Claudius Ptolemy (pafupifupi m’zaka za m’ma 2 CE), katswiri wa zakuthambo komanso masamu amene ankakhala ku Alexandria (ku Igupto wa ku Roma). Mu ntchito yake yotchuka, Almagest, Ptolemy analemba mndandanda wa nyenyezi womwe unali ndi magulu a nyenyezi 48. Mndandandawu sunali “cholengedwa cha Ptolemy” chokha—chochuluka mwa izo chinachokera ku miyambo yakale yachigiriki—koma ntchito yake inakhala chizindikiro chachikulu kwa zaka mazana ambiri ku Ulaya ndi ku Middle East, ndipo pamapeto pake inakhudza zakuthambo zamakono.
Chifukwa cha mphamvu yaikulu ya Almagest, Ptolemy nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati munthu amene “anakhazikitsa” kapena “analandira cholowa” cha magulu a nyenyezi akale odziwika bwino.
2. Johann Bayer ndi Mapu a Sky a Early Modern
M'zaka za m'ma 17, katswiri wa zakuthambo wa ku Germany Johann Bayer (1572–1625) adasindikiza buku la nyenyezi lotchedwa Uranometria (1603). Iye anathandiza kuyika mayina a nyenyezi mkati mwa magulu a nyenyezi pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo zachigiriki (monga Alpha Centauri, Beta Orionis, ndi zina zotero). Ngakhale kuti Bayer sanapeze magulu a nyenyezi, zopereka zake zinali zofunika chifukwa zinapangitsa kuti mapu a thambo akhale okonzedwa bwino.
3. Nthawi Yofufuza: Magulu a Nyengo ku Kumwera kwa Dziko
Pamene anthu aku Europe anayamba kufufuza Southern Hemisphere m'zaka za m'ma 16 ndi 17, anaona madera akumwamba omwe sankaoneka kuchokera ku Europe. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale magulu ambiri atsopano a nyenyezi, makamaka mlengalenga wakumwera. Anthu ofunikira ndi awa:
– Petrus Plancius (1552–1622): adayambitsa magulu angapo atsopano a nyenyezi ouziridwa ndi zinyama ndi zinthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapu akumwamba.
– Frederick de Houtman (1571–1627): anathandiza kukulitsa kabukhu ka nyenyezi kum'mwera kwa thambo.
– Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille (1713–1762): Katswiri wa zakuthambo wa ku France amene adapanga magulu atsopano a nyenyezi, ambiri okhala ndi mitu yofanana ndi zida zasayansi (monga Telescopium, Microscopium), ndikuwongolera mapu a thambo lakum'mwera.
Iwo sanali "opeza nyenyezi," koma anali opanga matanthauzo a magulu a nyenyezi ndi mamapu a madera a mlengalenga omwe kale sanalembedwe bwino mu mwambo wa ku Ulaya.
4. International Astronomical Union (IAU): Kukhazikitsa Migwirizano ya Magulu 88 Ovomerezeka
Mu sayansi ya zakuthambo yamakono, bungwe lofunika kwambiri pa magulu a nyenyezi ndi International Astronomical Union (IAU), bungwe lapadziko lonse la zakuthambo lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1919. M'zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi 1930, IAU idakhazikitsa magulu a nyenyezi ovomerezeka 88 ndi malire awo kumwamba. Mmodzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa malire a magulu a nyenyezi anali katswiri wa zakuthambo waku Belgium Eugène Delporte, yemwe adathandizira kupanga malire ovomerezeka a magulu a nyenyezi omwe akugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano.
Kotero, ngati funso la "wopeza" likumasuliridwa ngati gulu lomwe linakhazikitsa mwalamulo magulu a nyenyezi malinga ndi sayansi yamakono, ndiye kuti yankho likunena za IAU (ndi ziwerengero zomwe zikukhudzidwa). Komabe, ngati "wopeza" akumasuliridwa ngati mpainiya wa mwambo wakale wa magulu a nyenyezi, ndiye kuti Ptolemy nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chisonyezero chachikulu chifukwa zolemba zake ndizofunika kwambiri.
Kusiyana pakati pa Gulu la nyenyezi ndi Asterism
Pokambirana za magulu a nyenyezi, mawu akuti asterism amawonekeranso. Asterism ndi njira yotchuka komanso yodziwika bwino ya nyenyezi, koma si gulu la nyenyezi lovomerezeka. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi Big Dipper, asterism mu gulu la nyenyezi la Ursa Major. Chifukwa chake, si mitundu yonse ya nyenyezi yodziwika bwino yomwe imangokhala magulu a nyenyezi ovomerezeka okha.
Mapeto
Gulu la nyenyezi ndi gulu la nyenyezi zomwe zimawoneka ngati zikupanga chitsanzo, ndipo mu zakuthambo zamakono, ndi dera lovomerezeka pa bwalo lakumwamba. Magulu a nyenyezi sanapezeke ndi munthu m'modzi, koma ndi zotsatira za zomwe adaziwona ndi miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Mu chikhalidwe cha Kumadzulo, Ptolemy ndi munthu wofunikira kwambiri polemba magulu a nyenyezi 48 akale mu Almagest. Pakadali pano, kuyika magulu a nyenyezi m'magulu amakono ngati madera 88 ovomerezeka kunachitika ndi IAU m'zaka za m'ma 20, ndi zopereka kuchokera kwa asayansi monga Eugène Delporte. Mwa kumvetsetsa magulu a nyenyezi, sitingophunzira zakuthambo komanso timatsatira mbiri ya anthu powerenga ndikupereka tanthauzo ku thambo lausiku.
