Momwe Astronomy Imagwiritsidwira Ntchito mu Archaeology
Sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa ngati magawo awiri osiyana kwambiri: gawo limodzi limafufuza zakumwamba, pomwe lina limafufuza zizindikiro za moyo wakale wa anthu. Komabe, m'machitidwe, ziwirizi zimatha kugwirizana. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale akapeza nyumba zakale zomwe zimawoneka ngati "zikuloza" pamalo enaake, kapena pamene malo akuwonetsa momwe nyengo zimakhalira, sayansi ya zakuthambo ingakhale yofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse ntchito, tanthauzo, ndi chidziwitso cha anthu omwe adamanga. Izi zinayambitsa gawo lophunzirira lotchedwa archaeoastronomy, kuphunzira momwe anthu akale ankaonera, kutanthauzira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zochitika zakuthambo.
Kufufuza zakuthambo m'mabwinja: mlatho pakati pa thambo ndi zakale
Archaeastrononomy ikuphatikiza njira zakuthambo (kuwerengera malo a Dzuwa, Mwezi, ndi nyenyezi) ndi njira zakale (kufufuza, kuwerenga chikhalidwe, ndi kuwerengera nthawi). Cholinga sichikungotsimikizira kuti "akale anali anzeru," koma m'malo mwake kuyankha mafunso enaake: chifukwa chiyani nyumba zimayang'ana mbali inayake? Kodi njira imeneyi inali yongochitika mwangozi, yofunikira, kapena mbali ya mwambo? Kodi kalendala yawo inamangidwa bwanji? Ndipo inakhudza bwanji ulimi, mphamvu, ndi chipembedzo?
Popeza thambo limabwerezabwereza komanso limadziwikiratu, anthu ambiri amaligwiritsa ntchito ngati "wotchi" yachilengedwe ndi "kalendala." Mwa kuwona kutuluka ndi kulowa kwa dzuwa, kusintha kwa magawo a mwezi, ndi mawonekedwe a nyenyezi zina pa nthawi zina, amatha kuyika chizindikiro cha nyengo, kudziwa nthawi yokolola, kapena kusankha masiku okondwerera. Zizindikiro za machitidwe amenewa nthawi zina zimapezeka m'makonzedwe a nyumba, mapangidwe a mizinda, zojambula, komanso nkhani za nthano.
Kuwonetsa momwe nyumba ndi malo ake zilili
Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino yomwe sayansi ya zakuthambo imagwiritsidwira ntchito mu zinthu zakale ndikuwunika momwe nyumba zakale zimayendera: komwe akachisi, zipata, njira zodutsa, kapena mizere ya miyala imayang'anizana. Ofufuza amayesa azimuth (njira ya cardinal mu madigiri) ndi kukwera (kutalika kwa ngodya yowonera kumtunda) kuti awone ngati njirayo ikugwirizana ndi zochitika zina zakuthambo—monga kutuluka kwa dzuwa pa solstices, equinoxes (usana ndi usiku kutalika kofanana), kapena zochitika za mwezi monga lunistices (malo ovuta kwambiri a Mwezi mu kuzungulira kwa zaka 18,6).
Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi zipilala za miyala ya megalithic ku Europe zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zimagwirizana ndi nyengo yozizira. Ngati njira yayitali kapena mpata pakati pa miyalayo umayang'ana kuwala kwa dzuwa pa tsiku linalake, ukhoza kusonyeza chikondwerero cha pachaka, chizindikiro cha nyengo, kapena chizindikiro cha chilengedwe. Mu kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale, tanthauzo limawonjezeka pamene njira imeneyi ikuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina zomwe zapezeka: zotsalira za chakudya cha chikondwerero, mafupa a nyama zoperekedwa nsembe, kapena zinthu zakale zamwambo.
Komabe, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amakono akuchenjeza kuti: si njira iliyonse "yoyenera" chinthu chakumwamba yomwe imangokhala ndi tanthauzo lokha. Kusanthula ziwerengero ndikofunikira kuti tipewe zochitika mwangozi, komanso kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe kuti matanthauzidwe asakhale ongoganizira chabe.
Kuthandiza pa kalendala ndi kukonzanso nthawi
Kupenda zakuthambo kumathandizanso polemba nthawi ndi kukonzanso machitidwe akale a kalendala. Anthu ambiri amitundu yosiyanasiyana adapanga makalendala kutengera Dzuwa (dzuwa), Mwezi (mwezi), kapena kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri (dzuwa). Zolemba za miyambo, zolemba, kapena kapangidwe ka nyumba zitha kukhala ndi zizindikiro za momwe adasinthira makalendala awo kuti agwirizane ndi nyengo.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati malo akusonyeza bwino nyengo ya dzuwa, n'zotheka kuti anthu ammudzi anali ndi kalendala ya nyengo ya ulimi. Kwina, nthawi ya mwezi ingakhale yofunikira kwambiri, makamaka posankha masiku opatulika. Chidziwitso cha nthawi ya kadamsana kapena malo enieni a mwezi nthawi zina chimawonekeranso m'zizindikiro ndi malo okonzera malo.
Kuphatikiza apo, zakuthambo zingakhale zothandiza pamene akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akumana ndi zolemba zakale zomwe zimatchula zinthu zakuthambo—monga “kuda kwa dzuwa kunachitika m’chaka cha X” kapena “nyenyezi inayake inatuluka pa tsiku la chikondwerero.” Ndi mapulogalamu amakono a zakuthambo, ofufuza amatha kuyerekezera thambo lakale ndikuyerekeza zolembazi ndi masiku oyerekeza m’makalendala amakono, ngakhale kuti njirayi si yophweka nthawi zonse chifukwa cha kusintha kwa machitidwe a masiku ndi zolemba zosakwanira.
Kukonzanso thambo lakale: kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kusintha kwa malo a nyenyezi
Thambo limene anthu anaona zaka zikwi zapitazo silinali lofanana ndi thambo la masiku ano. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti nyenyezi zinasuntha kwambiri usiku umodzi, koma kuti zochitika za nthawi yayitali monga momwe dziko lapansi limayendera zimapangitsa kuti nyenyezi zisunthe pang'onopang'ono kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Chifukwa chake, ngati nyumba ikuganiziridwa kuti ikuyang'ana nyenyezi inayake, ofufuza ayenera kufotokoza za kusintha kumeneku.
Apa ndi pomwe zakuthambo zamakono zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za precession, nutation, ndi kusintha kwa axial tilt, ofufuza amatha kutsanzira thambo pamalo ndi nthawi inayake. Izi zimathandiza kutanthauzira kolondola kwambiri: kodi mzere wa nyumbayo unalozadi ku nyenyezi yowala panthawi yomangidwa, kapena ikuwoneka ngati ikugwirizana ndi malingaliro amakono?
Kuzindikira ntchito za anthu ndi zandale
Kufufuza zakuthambo mu zinthu zakale sikuti kumangoyankha mafunso akuti "liti" ndi "kuti," komanso "chifukwa chiyani." Kapangidwe kogwirizana ndi kuwona zakuthambo nthawi zambiri kankakhala ndi tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ndale. Kudziwa bwino kalendala kumatanthauza kudziwa miyambo ndi nyengo, zomwe zikanalimbitsa kuvomerezeka kwa mtsogoleri kapena wansembe. Ngati gulu lingathe "kuneneratu" kufika kwa nyengo yamvula kapena kusankha masiku opatulika amwambo, udindo wawo mkati mwa anthu ukhoza kulimba.
M'zikhalidwe zina, malo ochitira mwambo anamangidwa m'njira yoti zinthu zakuthambo—monga kuwala kwa dzuwa kudzera pa malo enaake—ziwonekere zodabwitsa pa masiku ofunikira. Kuwoneka kumeneku kumatha kukhala ngati "ukadaulo wophiphiritsira" kuti ugogomeze ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mphamvu, chilengedwe, ndi dongosolo la anthu. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amatanthauzira izi pamodzi ndi deta ina: kugawa malo okhala, kusinthasintha kwa malo, ndi umboni wa zochitika zamwambo.
Njira: kuyambira kafukufuku wa m'munda mpaka kupanga zitsanzo za digito
Pofuna kulumikiza malo ofukula zinthu zakale ndi zochitika zakuthambo, ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:
1. Kafukufuku wokhudza malo ndi kuyeza malo
Kugwiritsa ntchito kampasi, theodolite, GPS, kapena laser scanner (LiDAR) poyesa njira ya kapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a horizon yakomweko.
2. Kusanthula malo ndi chilengedwe
Unikani ngati malo omwe akuyang'aniridwa akukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizili zakuthambo, monga momwe mtsinje umalowera, mphepo yamphamvu, mapiri otsetsereka, kapena zosowa zodzitetezera.
3. Kujambula zithunzi za zakuthambo
Kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a planetarium ndi mawerengedwe a zakuthambo kuti akonzenso malo a Dzuwa, Mwezi, ndi nyenyezi panthawi inayake.
4. Ziwerengero ndi kuwongolera mwayi
Kuyesa ngati mawonekedwe a nyumba zambiri akuwonetsa momwe nyumbayo imayendera nthawi zonse, kapena ngati zitsanzo zochepa chabe ndi zomwe zikugwirizana.
5. Kutanthauzira chikhalidwe
Lumikizanani zotsatira za muyeso ndi nthano, zithunzi, zolemba zakale, ndi miyambo ya pakamwa ngati zilipo.
Ndi masitepe awa, zinthu zakale zimafuna kusunga mgwirizano pakati pa kuwerengera kwasayansi ndi kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe.
Mavuto ndi zoopsa za kutanthauzira molakwika
Gawoli likukumananso ndi mavuto. Choyamba, malo ambiri awonongeka, asinthidwa, kapena akonzedwanso, zomwe zingasinthe momwe anali pachiyambi. Chachiwiri, pakhala chizolowezi chosankha zinthu zakuthambo, kusankha chinthu chilichonse chakumwamba chomwe chikugwirizana ndi nyumba. Chachitatu, kutanthauzira kumatha kusokonezedwa ndi malingaliro amakono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu akale omwe mwina ankamvetsa thambo amvetsetse zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Chifukwa chake, zonena zamphamvu za zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zingapo: njira yomveka bwino komanso yoyezeka, kulumikizana mobwerezabwereza m'ma data angapo, chithandizo kuchokera ku umboni wina wa zinthu zakale, ndi kufotokozera komwe kumagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe.
Mapeto
Kufufuza zakuthambo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale pofuna kutanthauzira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa nyumba, malo, ndi thambo: kuwonetsa momwe malo alili, kuthandiza kumanganso kalendala, kuyerekezera masiku pogwiritsa ntchito zochitika zakuthambo, ndikumvetsetsa ntchito zachikhalidwe ndi ndale komanso zachipembedzo za chidziwitso cha zakuthambo. Kudzera mu kafukufuku wa zakuthambo, thambo limakhala "cholembedwa" chowonjezera chomwe chimathandiza akatswiri ofufuza zakale kutanthauzira bwino kwambiri zizindikiro zakale. Pomaliza, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti kwa anthu ambiri akale, thambo silinali longokhala ngati mdima—linali gwero la nthawi, tanthauzo, ndi dongosolo m'moyo.
