Kodi Dzenje Lakuda N'chiyani Ndipo Limagwira Ntchito Motani?
Mabowo akuda ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zodabwitsa komanso zodabwitsa kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse. Lingaliroli linayambitsidwa koyamba ndi katswiri wa zakuthambo, katswiri wa zamaganizo, komanso katswiri wa masamu Karl Schwarzschild mu 1916, nthawi yochepa Albert Einstein atatulutsa chiphunzitso chake chachikulu cha ubale. Ngakhale kuti zikuoneka kuti sizikugwirizana ndi moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, kumvetsetsa mabowo akuda kungapereke chidziwitso chakuya pa malamulo ofunikira a sayansi ya zakuthambo omwe amalamulira chilengedwe chonse.
Kodi Dzenje Lakuda ndi Chiyani?
Mwachidule, dzenje lakuda ndi dera lomwe mphamvu yokoka imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti palibe chilichonse, ngakhale kuwala, chomwe chingatuluke. Mabowo akuda amapangidwa pamene nyenyezi yayikulu kwambiri ikugwa pansi pa mphamvu yokoka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. Nyenyezi yayikulu ikatha mphamvu ya nyukiliya, mphamvu yake yokoka imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa mphamvu zina zomwe zimaigwirizanitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa nyenyeziyo kugwa mpaka pamalo otchedwa singularity—kumene kulemera kwa nyenyeziyo kumakanikizidwa kukhala voliyumu yaying'ono kwambiri.
Kuzungulira singularity pali malire otchedwa "event horizon." Event horizon ndi malo osabwerera; chinthu chikadutsa event horizon, chimalowa mu dzenje lakuda ndipo sichingathe kuthawa. Mtunda wochokera ku singularity kupita ku event horizon umatchedwa Schwarzschild radius (Rs), yomwe ndi ntchito yolunjika ya kulemera kwa dzenje lakuda.
Kapangidwe ka Dzenje Lakuda
Dzenje lakuda nthawi zambiri limafotokozedwa kuti lili ndi magawo awiri akuluakulu: chinthu chimodzi chokha komanso chochitika chowonekera.
1. Kusasiyana:
Kusawoneka bwino ndi pakati pa dzenje lakuda, komwe kulemera konse kumakanikizidwa mu malo ang'onoang'ono kwambiri. Pa nthawiyi, kuchuluka ndi kupindika kwa malo ndi nthawi kumakhala kopanda malire, ndipo malamulo a fizikisi monga momwe timawadziwira (kuphatikizapo chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha ubale) amataya mphamvu zawo.
2. Zochitika Zoyembekezeredwa:
Malo ozungulira zochitika ndi malire omwe mphamvu yokoka imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti palibe chidziwitso, kuphatikizapo kuwala, chomwe chingachoke. Chilichonse chomwe chimadutsa malo ozungulira zochitika chimakokedwa mu chinthu chimodzi popanda kusiya chizindikiro.
Gulu la Mabowo Akuda
Mabowo akuda akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu kutengera kulemera kwawo:
1. Mabowo Akuda a Nyenyezi:
Mtundu uwu wa dzenje lakuda umapangidwa pamene pakati pa nyenyezi yaikulu pagwa kumapeto kwa moyo wake. Mabowo akuda a nyenyezi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kulemera kuyambira katatu mpaka kangapo kuposa Dzuwa.
2. Mabowo Akuda Apakatikati:
Mtundu uwu ndi waukulu kuposa dzenje lakuda la nyenyezi koma ndi wocheperako kuposa dzenje lakuda lalikulu kwambiri. Mabowo akuda apakati amakhala ndi kulemera kuyambira mazana mpaka zikwi za mphamvu ya dzuwa. Zitsanzo za chodabwitsa ichi ndizosowa, ndipo momwe amapangikira sizikudziwika bwino.
3. Mabowo Akuda Aakulu Kwambiri:
Mtundu uwu wa dzenje lakuda nthawi zambiri umapezeka pakati pa milalang'amba, kuphatikizapo yathu, Milky Way. Unyinji wawo ukhoza kufika kuwirikiza mabiliyoni a kulemera kwa Dzuwa. Malingaliro okhudza kupangidwa kwa mabowo akuda akuluakulu ndi kuphatikizana kwa mabowo akuda ambiri a nyenyezi ndi kuchulukana kwa mpweya ndi fumbi lachilengedwe.
Kodi Mabowo Akuda Amagwira Ntchito Bwanji?
Zinthu kapena zinthu zikamayandikira dzenje lakuda, zimakoka mwamphamvu. Komabe, zisanadutse nthawi yowonekera, chinthuchi sichimalowa nthawi yomweyo koma chimapanga diski yolumikizira kuzungulira dzenje lakuda. Disiki yolumikizira iyi imakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimatenthedwa kutentha kwambiri chifukwa cha kukangana ndi mphamvu yokoka, nthawi zambiri zimatulutsa mphamvu zambiri mu mawonekedwe a X-ray.
Chinthu china chomwe nthawi zambiri chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mabowo akuda ndi ubale wa nthawi, kapena kufalikira kwa nthawi. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha ubale, nthawi imayenda pang'onopang'ono m'minda yamphamvu yokoka. Chifukwa chake, kwa wowonera kutali ndi dzenje lakuda, nthawi imaoneka ngati yaima pazinthu zomwe zili pafupi ndi malo owonera zochitika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pazinthu zomwe zikuyandikira dzenje lakuda, nthawi imayenda mwachangu kwambiri kunja kwa malo owonera zochitika.
Zotsatira pa Zinthu Zozungulira
Mabowo akuda amakhudza kwambiri zinthu ndi mphamvu zowazungulira. Ma disk ozungulira mabowo akuda amatulutsa mphamvu zambiri mu mawonekedwe a kuwala kwamagetsi. Nthawi zina, zinthu zochokera ku disk yozungulira zimatha kutulutsidwa mu ma jet ogwirizana, ma jet a tinthu tamphamvu kwambiri tikuyenda mofulumira kwambiri poyerekeza ndi liwiro la kuwala. Ma jet amenewa amatha kukhudza kapangidwe ka milalang'amba ndi magulu a milalang'amba ozungulira dzenje lakuda.
Mmene Mabowo Akuda Amakhudzira Chilengedwe
Kuphunzira mabowo akuda kumakhudza kwambiri nthambi zosiyanasiyana za sayansi, kuyambira fizikisi ya quantum mpaka cosmology. Kumvetsetsa momwe mabowo akuda amagwirizanirana ndi zinthu ndi mphamvu kumathandiza asayansi kuphunzira za mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri yomwe singathe kubwerezedwanso padziko lapansi. Kumathandizanso kupeza zinthu zatsopano zokhudza kapangidwe ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri zomwe zinapezeka chinali kuzindikira mafunde okoka kuchokera ku kuphatikizana kwa mabowo awiri akuda ndi LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) mu 2015. Kuzindikira kumeneku sikunangotsimikizira kuti mabowo akuda alipo komanso kunatsegula nthawi yatsopano mu zakuthambo, zomwe zinatilola kuzindikira ndikuphunzira zochitika zakuthambo zomwe sizingawonekere kudzera mu kuwala kwa maginito.
Kutseka
Mabowo akuda ndi malo oyesera zachilengedwe a akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo kuti ayesere mfundo zazikulu zokhudza chilengedwe chonse. Kuyambira pazinthu zosiyana mpaka ma disk a accretion ndi ma jet ogwirizana, mbali iliyonse ya mabowo akuda imapereka chidziwitso chatsopano cha momwe chilengedwe chimagwirira ntchito pamlingo waukulu komanso wocheperako. Ngakhale kuti zinsinsi zawo sizikuthetsedwa, kafukufuku akupitiliza, zomwe zimatibweretsa pafupi kumvetsetsa bwino zochitika zodabwitsa za chilengedwe chonsezi.
