Mitundu ya Masitayilo Omanga Padziko Lonse
Kapangidwe ka nyumba ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe zimasonyeza umunthu wa anthu, makhalidwe awo, komanso chitukuko cha ukadaulo. Kuyambira nthawi zakale mpaka nthawi yamakono, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomangamanga yakhala ikukula ndikusiya chizindikiro chokhalitsa m'mbiri. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mitundu ina yodziwika bwino ya zomangamanga padziko lonse lapansi, kuyambira yakale kwambiri mpaka yamakono kwambiri.
1. Kapangidwe ka Kakale
Kapangidwe ka nyumba zakale kamatanthauza kalembedwe ka nyumba komwe kanayambira ku chikhalidwe chakale cha Agiriki ndi Aroma. Makhalidwe awiri ofunikira a kapangidwe ka nyumba zakale ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mizati ikuluikulu komanso kusinthasintha kokhwima.
Greece Yakale
Kapangidwe ka nyumba zachi Greek kamadziwika ndi mitundu itatu yayikulu ya mizati: Doric, Ionic, ndi Corinthian. Mizati ya Doric ndi yosavuta komanso yamphamvu kwambiri, mizati ya Ionic ndi yopyapyala kwambiri yokhala ndi zokongoletsera zozungulira, ndipo mizati ya Corinthian imadziwika ndi zinthu zake zokongoletsera kwambiri. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi Parthenon ku Atene.
Roma wakale
Kapangidwe ka nyumba za Aroma kanatengera zinthu zambiri kuchokera kwa Agiriki ndipo kanawonjezera zinthu zatsopano monga ma arches, domes, ndi konkire. Nyumba monga Colosseum ndi Pantheon ku Rome ndi zitsanzo za ntchito zaluso za zomangamanga za Aroma.
2. Kapangidwe ka Zakale
Nthawi ya Middle Ages, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Middle Ages, imaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo yofunika kwambiri yomanga nyumba monga Romanesque, Gothic, ndi Byzantine.
Romanesque
Nyumba ya Romanesque imadziwika ndi makoma okhuthala, mawindo ang'onoang'ono, ndi zipilala zozungulira. Matchalitchi ndi matchalitchi akuluakulu monga St. Sernin ku Toulouse ndi zitsanzo za zomangamanga za Romanesque.
Gothic
Kapangidwe ka nyumba zachi Gothic kanayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages ndipo kamadziwika ndi mapangidwe ake oimirira komanso nyumba zake zokongola kwambiri. Zinthu zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mawindo akuluakulu okhala ndi ma vitreous, ma arches olunjika, ndi ma verttress ouluka. Tchalitchi cha Notre-Dame ku Paris ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za kalembedwe ka chi Gothic.
3. Kapangidwe ka Renaissance
Kapangidwe ka nyumba za Renaissance kanayamba ku Italy m'zaka za m'ma 15 ndipo kanafalikira ku Europe konse. Kunali kubwereranso ku chidwi ndi zaluso ndi sayansi yakale ya Agiriki ndi Aroma. Zinthu zazikulu ndi monga kusinthasintha, kuchuluka koyenera, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mizati yakale. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za nyumba za Renaissance ndi monga St. Peter's Basilica ku Vatican ndi Brunelleschi's Florence Cathedral.
4. Kapangidwe ka Baroque
Nyumba ya Baroque inakula kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 17 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18, ndipo imadziwika ndi zinthu zake zodabwitsa, zokongoletsera zambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito tsatanetsatane mozama. Nyumba za Baroque nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zinthu zosinthasintha komanso zosuntha. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino zikuphatikizapo Nyumba yachifumu ya Versailles ku France ndi Tchalitchi cha St. Paul ku London.
5. Kapangidwe ka Rococo
Kapangidwe ka Rococo ndi kupitiriza kwa kalembedwe ka Baroque, koma ndi njira yopepuka komanso yokongoletsera kwambiri. Imayang'ana kwambiri zokongoletsera, mitundu ya pastel, ndi mipando yapamwamba. Nyumba yachifumu ya Sanssouci ku Potsdam, Germany, ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kalembedwe kameneka.
6. Kapangidwe ka Neoclassical
Kapangidwe ka nyumba zakale zakale kanayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndipo kanayambitsanso chidwi ndi kuphweka ndi ungwiro wa miyambo yachigiriki ndi Aroma. Zinthu zake zazikulu zikuphatikizapo mizati ikuluikulu, kusinthasintha kokhwima, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosatha monga miyala yamtengo wapatali. Zitsanzo za nyumba zakale zakale zikuphatikizapo Nyumba ya Capitol ku United States ndi Bank of England ku England.
7. Kapangidwe ka Zamakono
Kapangidwe ka nyumba zamakono kanayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, motsogozedwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka mafakitale ndi kachitidwe ka zinthu zakale. Chikhalidwe chamakono chinagogomezera ntchito, mawonekedwe osavuta, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano monga konkire, chitsulo, ndi galasi.
Bauhaus
Bauhaus ndi imodzi mwa kayendetsedwe kofunikira kwambiri pa zomangamanga zamakono, yochokera ku Germany. Yokhazikitsidwa ndi Walter Gropius, Bauhaus inagogomezera mgwirizano wa zaluso ndi ukadaulo, ndi mapangidwe osavuta koma ogwira ntchito.
Kuthetsa zomangamanga
Kuchepetsa zomangamanga ndi kalembedwe ka zomangamanga komwe kamakana malingaliro a kufanana ndi kukhazikika. Nyumba za anthu ochepetsa zomangamanga nthawi zambiri zimawoneka zosakhazikika komanso zosafanana. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za kalembedwe kameneka ndi Frank Gehry, yemwe adapanga Nyumba Yosungiramo Zinthu Zakale ya Guggenheim ku Bilbao ndi Walt Disney Concert Hall ku Los Angeles.
8. Kapangidwe ka Zakale
Kapangidwe ka nyumba zakale kameneka kanayamba ngati njira yogwirira ntchito zomangamanga zamakono, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndi zazikulu kwambiri komanso zogwira ntchito. Kapangidwe ka nyumba zakale kameneka nthawi zambiri kamakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zokongoletsera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nyumba ya AT&T ku New York, yopangidwa ndi Philip Johnson, ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino.
9. Kapangidwe ka Zamakono
Kapangidwe ka nyumba zamakono kakuphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zomwe zapangidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadziwika ndi luso lamakono komanso kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe. Zinthu zazikulu ndi monga kapangidwe kosamalira chilengedwe, ukadaulo wapamwamba, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zokhazikika.
Zobiriwira komanso Zokhazikika
Nyumba zobiriwira zimagogomezera kapangidwe kosamalira chilengedwe, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso komanso zipangizo zomangira zokhazikika. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi Hearst Tower ku New York, yomwe inali nyumba yoyamba yosanja padziko lonse lapansi kupeza satifiketi ya LEED Gold.
Parametric
Kapangidwe ka zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira za parametric kamagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apakompyuta popanga mawonekedwe ovuta komanso osinthika omwe ndi ovuta kuwapeza pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino za kalembedwe kameneka ndi Zaha Hadid, yemwe adapanga Mlatho wa Sheikh Zayed ku Abu Dhabi ndi Guangzhou Opera House ku China.
Mapeto
Kuyambira pa mizati yokongola ya zomangamanga zakale zachi Greek mpaka mapangidwe atsopano obiriwira a zomangamanga zamakono, kalembedwe kalikonse ka zomangamanga kamawonetsa chikhalidwe ndi ukadaulo wa nthawi yake. Kalembedwe kalikonse kali ndi makhalidwe apadera komanso zopereka zofunika kwambiri pa momwe timamvetsetsera malo ndi mawonekedwe. Mwa kuwona ndi kuphunzira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomangamanga, timapeza chidziwitso chakuya pa zochitika zakale, zachikhalidwe, komanso zaukadaulo zomwe zakhudza moyo wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Kapangidwe ka nyumba sikuti ndi nyumba zokha, komanso nkhani ndi kusintha kwa chitukuko cha anthu. Nthawi iliyonse ndi kalembedwe kake zimathandiza kupanga mawonekedwe a zomangamanga zomwe timasangalala nazo masiku ano.
