Kapangidwe ka Gothic ndi Makhalidwe Ake
Kapangidwe ka Gothic ndi kalembedwe ka zomangamanga komwe kanayamba pakati pa zaka za m'ma 12 mpaka 16 ku Europe. Kalembedwe kameneka kanayamba kuonekera ku France ndipo posakhalitsa kanafalikira ku Europe konse, zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha zomangamanga. Kapangidwe ka Gothic kamadziwika ndi kukongola kwake kodabwitsa komanso njira zake zatsopano zomangira, zomwe zinali zapamwamba kwambiri panthawiyo. Makhalidwe odziwika bwino a kapangidwe kameneka ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito ma arches olunjika, mawindo akuluakulu agalasi, ma vertex owuluka, komanso kugogomezera kwambiri kutalika kwa denga.
1. Mbiri Yachidule ya Kapangidwe ka Gothic
Kapangidwe ka Gothic kanayamba mu nthawi yotchedwa Middle Ages. Poyamba, kalembedwe kameneka kankatchedwa "Opus Francigenum," kapena "ntchito ya Chifalansa," chifukwa kanapezeka koyamba m'chigawo cha Île-de-France. Mawu akuti "Gothic" adawonekera pambuyo pake ndipo anali ndi matanthauzo oipa, omwe adayambitsidwa ndi otsutsa panthawi ya Renaissance. Iwo ankaona kuti ndi kalembedwe "kachikale" komanso "kakale" poyerekeza ndi zaluso zakale zachi Greek ndi Roma.
2. Chipilala Cholunjika
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zodabwitsa komanso zodziwika bwino zomwe zinapangidwa ndi zomangamanga za Gothic chinali kugwiritsa ntchito chipika cholunjika. Mosiyana ndi zipilala zozungulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zomangamanga za Romanesque ndi Romanesque-Gothic, chipika cholunjikacho chinali ndi ubwino wa kapangidwe kake komanso kukongola kwake. Mwa kapangidwe kake, chipika cholunjikacho chinkasuntha kulemera kwa nyumbayo bwino kwambiri pansi kuposa m'mbali, zomwe zinkalola makoma opapatiza ndi nyumba zazitali. Mwakukongola, chipika cholunjikacho chinkapereka mphamvu ndi kuima, kukopa maso a wowonera mmwamba.
3. Chotetezera Chouluka
Makoma ozungulira ndi chinthu chomwe chimalola akatswiri a zomangamanga a Gothic kumanga nyumba zazitali komanso kukhala ndi mawindo akuluakulu. Makoma ozungulira ndi zinthu zothandizira zakunja zomwe zimasamutsa kulemera kwa makoma akuluakulu kupita kuzinthu zothandizira zakunja. Izi zimathandiza kuti makoma akuluakulu akhale opyapyala komanso osalemera kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti adzazidwe ndi mawindo akuluakulu agalasi omwe amalola kuwala kulowa mnyumbamo. Njirayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ku Notre-Dame Cathedral ku Paris ndipo pambuyo pake idakhala chinthu chofala m'nyumba za Gothic.
4. Mawindo agalasi opakidwa utoto
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa kapangidwe ka Gothic ndi kupezeka kwa mawindo akuluakulu, okongola agalasi. Mawindo agalasi opakidwa utoto samangopereka kuwala kochititsa chidwi m'nyumba zokha komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yofotokozera nkhani za m'Baibulo ndikuwonetsa zochitika zofunika. Mawindo a duwa ndi ena mwa zinthu zokongola komanso zokongoletsera kwambiri pa kapangidwe ka Gothic, nthawi zambiri amaikidwa kutsogolo kwa matchalitchi kuti akope chidwi kwambiri.
5. Kutalika ndi Kuyima
Kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka matchalitchi a Gothic ndi ma cathedral kamatsimikizira kwambiri kukhala wowongoka. Izi zimawonekera m'nsanja ndi zipilala zokwera, komanso mzati ndi zipilala zoonda. Kuwoneka kowongoka kumeneku sikungopanga ulemu ndi mantha komanso kumasonyeza kufunafuna kwa anthu kwa Mulungu ndi wapamwamba kwambiri. Malo amkati nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti atsogolere chidwi cha mlendoyo kumwamba, kupita kumwamba.
6. Kukwera Mphepete mwa Nthiti
Kuphimba nyumba ndi ribbed vaulting ndi chinthu china chomwe chimalola nyumba za Gothic kukhala zopepuka komanso zazitali. Kuphimba nyumba ndi njira yomwe imalola denga kapena denga kuthandizidwa ndi nthiti zingapo. Njirayi imawonjezera mphamvu yonse ya nyumbayo ndipo imalola malo akuluakulu komanso ovuta popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zipilala zina zomwe zimachepetsa malo amkati.
7. Zokongoletsa ndi Zokongoletsa
Kapangidwe ka Gothic kamadziwikanso ndi kukongoletsa kwake kodabwitsa komanso kokongola. Zinthu zokongoletsera monga gargoyles, ziboliboli, ndi zojambula nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mkati ndi kunja kwa nyumba. Gargoyles sizinali zokongoletsera zokha komanso zinapangidwa kuti zitulutse madzi amvula kuchokera padenga kuti zisawononge makoma. Ziboliboli ndi zokongoletsera nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mitu yachipembedzo ndi zizindikiro, zomwe zimalimbitsa ntchito yopatulika ya nyumbayo.
8. Tchalitchi Chodziwika
Matchalitchi ena otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi otchedwa Gothic akuphatikizapo Notre-Dame Cathedral ku Paris, Chartres Cathedral ku France, ndi Milan Cathedral ndi Cologne Cathedral. Katolika iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso osiyanasiyana a kalembedwe ka Gothic, koma onse amawonetsa kukongola kosatha. Matchalitchi awa si malo olambirira okha komanso ntchito zodabwitsa zaluso zomanga ndi zotsalira zakale.
9. Cholowa cha Zomangamanga cha Gothic
Ngakhale kuti kalembedwe ka zomangamanga ka Gothic pamapeto pake kanasinthidwa ndi Renaissance, zinthu za Gothic zikadali chilimbikitso cha zomangamanga zamakono zambiri. Kukongola ndi kukongola kwa kalembedwe ka Gothic kungawonekere m'nyumba zamakono monga nyumba zazitali komanso matchalitchi amakono a Gothic. Chikondi cha kutalika, kulondola kwa kapangidwe kake, ndi kukongola kwakukulu kwa zomangamanga za Gothic zikupitirizabe kukhudza kapangidwe ka zomangamanga masiku ano.
Mapeto
Kapangidwe ka Gothic ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya zomangamanga zapadziko lonse lapansi. Kudzera mu zatsopano zaukadaulo ndi kukongola, kalembedwe kameneka kanasintha momwe anthu amamangira ndikuwona malo. Kuyambira ma arches olunjika mpaka mawindo agalasi opaka utoto, chinthu chilichonse cha kapangidwe ka Gothic chinapangidwa kuti chipange mawonekedwe a ukulu ndi kupitirira. Cholowa chake chokhalitsa chikuwonekera m'nyumba zambiri ndi zizindikiro zakale zomwe zidakalipobe mpaka pano, kutikumbutsa za luso lodabwitsa la anthu komanso luso la uinjiniya m'mibadwo yonse.
