Kodi Chiphunzitso cha Zomangamanga cha Deconstructionist ndi Chiyani?
Kapangidwe ka nyumba nthawi zambiri kamaonedwa ngati chiwonetsero cha malingaliro, chikhalidwe, ndi ukadaulo wa nthawi inayake. Nthawi iliyonse imabweretsa njira zatsopano zopangira ndi kumanga, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa momwe anthu amaonera malo, ntchito, ndi kukongola. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, dziko la zomangamanga linawona kubuka kwa chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso zotsutsana kwambiri komanso zatsopano m'mbiri ya kapangidwe: kuwononga.
Chiyambi cha Chiphunzitso cha Kuwononga Nyumba
Kuchotsa zinthu, monga njira yopezera njira, kunayamba kuonekera mu filosofi ndi mabuku, makamaka kudzera mu ntchito ya wafilosofi wa ku France Jacques Derrida m'zaka za m'ma 1960. Chiphunzitsochi chikufuna kutsutsa ndikuchotsa njira zachikhalidwe zoganizira, kuwononga kapangidwe ndi malingaliro omwe anthu ambiri amavomereza. Povomereza malingaliro a Derrida, akatswiri angapo omanga nyumba anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zochotsera zinthu pamaphunziro a zomangamanga, zomwe zinabweretsa zotsatira zodabwitsa koma nthawi zambiri zotsutsana.
Mfundo Zofunikira Zokhudza Kumanga Nyumba
Pakati pa zonse, zomangamanga zochepetsera zomangamanga zimagogomezera kuchotsera ndi kusanthula kozama kwa zinthu zomangidwa zomwe zakhazikitsidwa. Zimakayikira malingaliro achikhalidwe okhudza mawonekedwe, kapangidwe, ndi kukongola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mapangidwe atsopano komanso osazolowereka. Zina mwa mfundo zazikulu za zomangamanga zochepetsera zomangamanga ndi izi:
1. Kugawikana: M'malo momanga nyumba zogwirizana bwino, akatswiri okonza mapulani a deconstructivist nthawi zambiri amaswa mapangidwe kukhala zidutswa zomwe zimaoneka ngati zosagwirizana kapena zosagwirizana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chithunzi chosinthika komanso chosakhazikika.
2. Kusalingana: Mosiyana ndi mapangidwe a geometric ndi symmetrical omwe amapezeka m'mapangidwe achikhalidwe, kuchotsedwa kwa nyumba nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe osalingana komanso osafanana.
3. Kufunitsitsa Kuswa Lamulo: Otsutsa za kuwononga zinthu nthawi zambiri amapewa njira zachikhalidwe zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu, malo, ndi ubale pakati pa mawonekedwe ndi ntchito. Izi nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mapangidwe osayembekezereka komanso odabwitsa.
4. Kuphatikizika kwa Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana: Zinthu zomangamanga za deconstructivist nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati sizikugwirizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kupsinjika kwa maso ndi nzeru zomwe zimatsutsa malingaliro achikhalidwe okhudza mgwirizano ndi kukongola.
Zizindikiro Zofunika ndi Ntchito mu Zomangamanga Zomangamanga
Kapangidwe ka zomangamanga zowononga si chiphunzitso chovomerezeka padziko lonse, koma akatswiri ambiri odziwika bwino agwiritsa ntchito ndi kupanga njira imeneyi kudzera mu ntchito zawo zowonera. Nazi anthu ofunikira komanso zitsanzo za ntchito zomwe zikuwonetsa mfundo za kukonzanso zomangamanga.
1. Peter Eisenman: Peter Eisenman ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito yomanga nyumba wodziwika bwino chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha kuwononga nyumba pa zomangamanga. Ntchito zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mitundu yogawanika komanso yosayembekezereka. Limodzi mwa mapulojekiti ake otchuka kwambiri ndi Nyumba VI (1972) ku Cornwall, Connecticut. Nyumba iyi ndi chitsanzo chomveka bwino cha kugwiritsa ntchito kugawanika kwa nyumba pakupanga zomangamanga.
2. Frank Gehry: Frank Gehry ndi katswiri wodziwika bwino wa zomangamanga yemwe wapanga nyumba zingapo zodziwika bwino zomwe zasinthanso kukongola kwa zomangamanga. Chimodzi mwa ntchito zake zodziwika bwino ndi Guggenheim Museum ku Bilbao, Spain (1997). Nyumbayi ili ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu komanso achilengedwe, kuphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga titaniyamu, miyala yamchere, ndi galasi kuti apange kapangidwe kamene kamawoneka ngati kogawanika komanso kosuntha.
3. Zaha Hadid: Zaha Hadid anali katswiri wa zomangamanga wachikazi wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha njira yake yochepetsera zinthu. Ntchito zake nthawi zambiri zimafufuza mawonekedwe ovuta a geometric ndi kusinthasintha kwa malo. Chitsanzo cha ntchito yomwe ikuwonetsa mfundo za kuchepetsa zinthu ndi Vitra Fire Station ku Weil am Rhein, Germany (1994), yomwe ili ndi mizere yakuthwa ndi ngodya zosazolowereka.
4. Rem Koolhaas: Monga woyambitsa OMA (Ofesi ya Zomangamanga za Metropolitan), Rem Koolhaas wakhudza dziko la zomangamanga ndi malingaliro ake oletsa zomangamanga. Limodzi mwa mapulojekiti otchuka kwambiri omwe akuwonetsa malingaliro ake ndi Likulu la CCTV ku Beijing, China (2012). Kapangidwe kachilendo, komwe kali ndi nsanja ziwiri zolumikizidwa ndi mlatho wopingasa, kamatsutsa lingaliro lachikhalidwe la nyumba yayitali.
Zotsatira ndi Kutsutsa kwa Kuwononga Nyumba
Monga gulu lililonse latsopano la zomangamanga, kugwetsa nyumba kwakhala nkhani yokambirana kwambiri komanso kutsutsidwa. Ngakhale ena akuyamikira luso lake latsopano, ena akutsutsa njira imeneyi ngati yoyesera kwambiri komanso yosagwira ntchito.
1. Kulimba Mtima Koyesera: Othandizira kugwetsa nyumba amayamikira kulimba mtima kwake posintha malingaliro achikhalidwe okhudza zomangamanga. Amaona kuti ndi njira yopititsira patsogolo luso ndikupereka njira zatsopano komanso zatsopano zopangira nyumba.
2. Kugwira Ntchito Kokayikitsa: Kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa zomangamanga zowononga nyumba n'kwakuti nthawi zambiri, kukongola nthawi zambiri kumaposa kugwira ntchito. Nyumba zomwe zimapangidwa motsatira mfundo zowononga nyumba nthawi zina zimaonedwa kuti sizothandiza kapena zosasangalatsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.
3. Kuzindikira Anthu Otchuka: Otsutsa ena amaonanso kuti kuwononga nyumba ndi njira yongoganizira kwambiri komanso yosamveka bwino, yomwe ingayamikiridwe ndi akatswiri a maphunziro kapena akatswiri omanga nyumba okha. Izi zimapereka lingaliro lakuti kuwononga nyumba sikutanthauza zenizeni komanso zosowa za anthu onse.
4. Ndalama Zomangira: Nyumba zokhala ndi mapangidwe oletsa kuwononga nyumba nthawi zambiri zimafuna njira zovuta zomangira komanso zipangizo zokwera mtengo. Izi zitha kukhala chopinga chachikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito mfundozi pa ntchito zazikulu kapena pansi pa bajeti yochepa.
Kapangidwe Kowonongeka M'tsogolomu
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 21, zomangamanga za deconstructionist zikupitirirabe kukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa nkhani ya zomangamanga, ngakhale kuti mphamvu zake zikuoneka kuti zachepa. Komabe, mfundo za deconstruction zikupitiriza kulimbikitsa mbadwo watsopano wa akatswiri omanga nyumba omwe akufuna kudutsa malire achikhalidwe ndikupeza chilankhulo cha kapangidwe kake chosinthasintha komanso chosiyanasiyana.
M'nkhani yamakono, komwe nkhani zokhazikika komanso zanzeru zikuchulukirachulukira, akatswiri omanga nyumba omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa nyumba angapeze njira zogwirizanitsa mfundo zofunika izi ndi njira zokhazikika komanso ukadaulo wapamwamba. Angayesetsebe kufufuza malingaliro atsopano, koma poyang'ana kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera, zipangizo zosawononga chilengedwe, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa digito kuti akonze njira yopangira ndi kumanga.
Pomaliza, zomangamanga zowononga zitha kuonedwa ngati chiwonetsero cha dziko lomwe likukulirakulira komanso logawanika, komwe kuli njira zambiri zofufuzira malingaliro atsopano ndi mwayi. Monga momwe zinthu zilili m'mbiri yonse ya zomangamanga, kukonzanso zomangamanga kumatikumbutsa kuti zomangamanga nthawi zonse si kungomanga nyumba; ndi chiwonetsero chosatha cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, malingaliro, ndi malingaliro.
