Zofunikira Zotsimikizika mu Kuwunika Zinthu Zachilengedwe
Kutsimikizika ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuyesa mtengo wa zinthu zakale, kaya zinthu zakale, zinthu zaluso, zosonkhanitsira nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, zolemba pamanja, kapena zinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamsika wa osonkhanitsa. Pamene chinthu chopangidwacho chiweruzidwa kuti ndi "chowonadi," chimaonedwa kuti chimachokera ku nthawi inayake, malo, wopanga, ndi mbiri yakale—osati kubwerezabwereza, kukonzanso kwamakono kobisika, kapena zotsatira za kusokoneza kosokeretsa. Komabe, kutsimikizika si lingaliro losavuta, lokha. M'machitidwe, kuwunika kutsimikizika kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zowonjezera: umboni wofunikira, zolemba, nkhani, kalembedwe, ndi mayeso asayansi. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kutsimikizika komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuyesa zinthu zakale ndi zovuta zomwe zimagwirizana nazo.
1. Kutsimikizika kwa Zinthu Zofunika
Chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti ngati zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chinthu chopangidwa ndi zinthu zakale zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zimayembekezeredwa nthawi ndi malo amenewo. Mwachitsanzo, chifaniziro chakale chamkuwa chiyenera kuwonetsa kapangidwe kachitsulo kogwirizana ndi ukadaulo wa zitsulo wa nthawi imeneyo. Mofananamo, cholembedwa cha m'zaka za m'ma 500 chiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito inki ndi zolembera (zikopa kapena pepala) zoyenera nthawi yomwe chikunenedwa.
Kutsimikizika kwa chinthu nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa kudzera mu kuyang'anitsitsa mwachindunji ndi/kapena kuyezetsa kwa labotale. Zizindikiro zachilengedwe za ukalamba—monga patina, oxidation, kusintha kwa tirigu, microcracking—zingakhale zizindikiro, koma zitha kusokonezedwanso kudzera mu njira zamankhwala kapena mankhwala amakina. Chifukwa chake, kutsimikizika kwa chinthu kumapitirira "kuoneka chakale"; kuyenera kumvedwa ngati kugwirizana kwa chinthucho ndi ukadaulo, zinthu, ndi machitidwe opangira a nthawi inayake.
2. Kutsimikizika kwaukadaulo
Zinthu zakale zenizeni nthawi zambiri zimasonyeza zizindikiro za njira zopangira zinthu zogwirizana ndi zida, luso, ndi miyambo yaukadaulo ya nthawi yawo. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo zizindikiro za chisel pa miyala, mapangidwe oluka pa nsalu zachikhalidwe, kapena njira zowombera pa ziwiya zadothi. Kusanthula kwaukadaulo kungawulule ngati chinthu chinapangidwa ndi makina amakono, nkhungu zamafakitale, kapena zida zosadziwika nthawi yomwe ikunenedwayi.
Mu zinthu zaluso, njira yogwiritsira ntchito brushstroke, kugwiritsa ntchito zigawo za nthaka, kapena njira yogwiritsira ntchito utoto nthawi zambiri zimakhala zizindikiro zofunika. Mu zinthu zopangidwa ndi zitsulo, mapangidwe opangira ndi maulumikizidwe amatha kusiyanitsa kupanga kwachikhalidwe ndi zobwerezabwereza zamakono. Izi zimafuna kuti woyesayo amvetse "chilankhulo" chaukadaulo chomwe chasiyidwa pamwamba ndi kapangidwe ka chinthucho.
3. Kutsimikizika kwa Kalembedwe ndi Zizindikiro
Kupatula zida ndi njira, kalembedwe ndi zithunzi (zizindikiro, zithunzi, mitu) ndizonso zofunika kwambiri. Zinthu zakale zochokera ku chikhalidwe china nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi makhalidwe apadera: kuchuluka, zithunzi zokongoletsera, zithunzi za anthu, mitundu ya zokongoletsera, ndi kapangidwe kake. Kusagwirizana kwa kalembedwe—monga, zithunzi zomwe zinkangowonekera m'zaka zana linalake koma zimawonekera pazinthu zomwe zimanenedwa kuti ndi zakale—zingakhale chizindikiro chofiira.
Komabe, kuwunika kalembedwe kuli ndi malire. Ojambula kapena akatswiri aluso angayesere, kupanga zolakwika mu kalembedwe, kapena kugwira ntchito m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, opanga zinthu aluso nthawi zambiri amatsanzira masitayelo mokhutiritsa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, miyezo ya kalembedwe iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi umboni wina, osati ngati chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimatsimikizira.
4. Chiyambi ndi Zolemba
Chiyambi ndi mbiri ya umwini ndi kusuntha kwa chinthu chopangidwa ndi zinthu zakale pakapita nthawi. Zikalata monga zolemba zogulira, zolemba zosonkhanitsira zinthu, zithunzi zakale, makatalogu owonetsera zinthu zakale, kapena malo osungiramo zinthu zakale zingasonyeze kuti chinthu chopangidwa ndi zinthu zakale chinkadziwika kale nthawi inayake isanafike, motero kuchepetsa mwayi woti zinthu zakale zichitike mwachinyengo.
Nthawi zambiri, chiyambi champhamvu ndiye maziko a kudalirika, makamaka pa ntchito zaluso kapena zinthu zosonkhanitsidwa. Kusakhalapo kwa chiyambi sikutanthauza kuti ndi zabodza, koma kumawonjezera chiopsezo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngakhale zikalata za chiyambi zimatha kupangidwa mwachinyengo. Chifukwa chake, kutsimikizira zakale, kutsatira anthu ogwirizana, ndi kufananiza nthawi ya zikalata ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuwunika.
5. Nkhani ya Zomwe Zapezeka (Nkhani ya Zakale)
Pa zinthu zakale zofukulidwa m'mabwinja, nkhani ya zomwe zapezedwazo ndi yofunika kwambiri. Zinthu zakale zomwe zapezedwa kudzera m'mabwinja odziwika bwino, ndi zolemba za stratigraphy, malo, zigawo za nthaka, komanso kugwirizana ndi zinthu zina zomwe zapezedwa, zili ndi mulingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa kudalirika. Nkhani sizimangodziwitsa ngati chinthucho ndi chenicheni komanso mbiri yakale yomwe chinachokera.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zinthu "zotayirira" zomwe zimafalikira popanda chidziwitso cha nkhani (monga zotsatira za kufukula mopanda lamulo) n'zovuta kuzitsimikizira. Ngakhale zinthuzo zitakhala zakale, chinthucho chikanatha kusunthidwa, kuphatikizidwa ndi zidutswa zina, kapena kumangidwanso mwanjira yosintha umunthu wake. Nkhani ndi mlatho pakati pa chinthucho ndi nkhani yakale.
6. Mkhalidwe, Ukalamba, ndi Machitidwe Ogwiritsira Ntchito ndi Kukalamba
Zinthu zenizeni nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi njira zodziwika bwino zokalamba: kuwonongeka m'malo omwe anthu ambiri amawakhudza, kusintha kwa mtundu wa chilengedwe, kapena kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika nthawi zonse akamagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso akamasungidwa. Kusanthula kwa microscopic kumatha kuonetsa mikwingwirima, zotsalira, kapena zotsalira zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzipanga ngati zabodza.
Komabe, kukhala "wangwiro kwambiri" sikutanthauza kuti ndi wabodza—zinthu zina zakale zimasungidwa m'malo otetezeka kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zinthu "zowonongeka kwambiri" zimathanso kusinthidwa kuti zipange chithunzi cha ukalamba. Chifukwa chake, ofufuza ayenera kuwona ngati ukalamba ndi wolondola mwasayansi komanso m'mbiri.
7. Kuyesa kwa Sayansi ndi Kusanthula kwa Laboratory
Kukula kwa sayansi kumachita gawo lalikulu poyesa kutsimikizika. Njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ndi izi:
– Kufufuza za Radiocarbon (C-14) pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe monga matabwa, nsalu, mafupa, kapena mapepala.
- Dendrochronology kuti adziwe zaka za mtengo kutengera mphete zokulira.
- Kusanthula utoto kuti tipeze kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wamakono mu zojambula zomwe zimanenedwa kuti ndi zakale.
– XRF (X-ray fluorescence) kuti ifufuze zinthu za mankhwala mu chitsulo, zoumba kapena galasi.
– SEM (scanning electron microscopy) kuti ione kapangidwe kake ka microstructure ndi zotsatira zake.
Komabe, ngakhale kuyesa kwasayansi kuli ndi malire ake. Kuyesa kwa radiocarbon kumayesa zaka za chinthucho, osati tsiku lomwe chinthucho chinapangidwa—opanga zinthu angagwiritse ntchito zinthu zakale ndikuzisintha kukhala zinthu "zatsopano". Chifukwa chake, kusanthula kwasayansi kuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kusanthula kwaukadaulo, kalembedwe, komanso zolemba.
8. Kugwirizana kwa Nkhani ndi Kuwunika kwa Zilango Zosiyanasiyana
Chinthu chopangidwa ndi zinthu zakale chimaonedwa kuti ndi chenicheni ngati mbali zonse—zipangizo, njira, kalembedwe, chiyambi, nkhani, ndi zotsatira za mayeso—zikupanga nkhani yofanana. Pakakhala kutsutsana (monga utoto wamakono koma chiyambi chimanena kuti ndi cha m'zaka za zana la 18), wofufuzayo ayenera kuwunika kuthekera kobwezeretsa, kuwonjezera pambuyo pake, kapena kusintha.
Kuwunika bwino kwambiri kwa kutsimikizika nthawi zambiri kumachitika m'magawo osiyanasiyana: osunga zinthu zakale, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, osunga zinthu zakale, akatswiri a mbiri ya zaluso, akatswiri a mbiri yakale, ndi akatswiri a zasayansi. Aliyense amapereka malingaliro omwe amawunika ena. Njira yolumikiziranayi ndi yofunika chifukwa mabodza amakono nthawi zambiri amalimbana ndi zofooka pakuwunika kamodzi.
9. Kumanganso, Kubwezeretsa, ndi "Kutsimikizika Kogwirizana"
Si zinthu zonse zakale zomwe zilipo "monga zachinsinsi". Zambiri zakonzedwanso, kuwonjezeredwa kwa zigawo zatsopano, kapena kumangidwanso kuti zisungidwe ndikuwonetsedwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale lingaliro la kukhala zenizeni: chinthu chopangidwacho chingakhalebe chenicheni ngati mbiri yakale, koma chingakhale ndi zinthu zamakono zomwe ziyenera kuvomerezedwa poyera.
Chifukwa chake, chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri chotsimikizira kuti zinthuzo ndi zoona ndi kumveka bwino kwa njira yolowererapo: ndi mbali ziti zomwe zili zoyambirira, ndi zina zowonjezera, njira yobwezeretsa, komanso momwe kubwezeretsako kunakhudzira tanthauzo ndi kufunika kwa chinthucho. Nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi mabungwe aukadaulo nthawi zambiri zimafuna zikalata zatsatanetsatane zosungiramo zinthu kuti zisasocheretse anthu.
10. Makhalidwe Abwino, Kuvomerezeka, ndi Kufunika kwa Chikhalidwe
Kupatula mbali zaukadaulo, kutsimikizika kumalumikizidwanso ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi kuvomerezeka. Zinthu zakale zomwe zimapezeka kudzera mu malonda osaloledwa kapena kuba cholowa cha chikhalidwe zimayambitsa mavuto akulu, ngakhale zinthuzo "zowona" kwenikweni. Mayiko ambiri amakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima okhudza kutumiza ndi kutumiza zinthu za cholowa cha chikhalidwe ndipo amafuna kuti zibwezedwe ngati zapezeka kuti zabedwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, madera omwe anachokera nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malingaliro osiyana pa zenizeni kuposa msika wa zaluso kapena maphunziro. Kwa madera ena, zenizeni zingaphatikizepo kulumikizana kwauzimu, ntchito zamwambo, kapena njira zofalitsira nkhani zachikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, kuwunika moyenera zenizeni kumafuna kuganizira za chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe, osati phindu lamalonda lokha.
Mapeto
Zofunikira zenizeni pakuwunika zinthu zakale ndi kuphatikiza kwa maumboni angapo: kuyenerera kwa zinthu, njira zopangira, kalembedwe ndi zithunzi, chiyambi, momwe zinthu zapezedwera, machitidwe okalamba, mayeso asayansi, ndi kusinthasintha kwa zotsatira m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Palibe njira imodzi yomwe ili yangwiro kwathunthu; zopeka zamakono zimatha kutsanzira mbali zambiri nthawi imodzi, pomwe zinthu zenizeni zimatha kubwezeretsedwa ndikutaya zomwe zili. Chifukwa chake, njira yabwino kwambiri ndi kuwunika kwathunthu komwe kuli kowonekera bwino, koyendetsedwa ndi deta, komanso kosamala za makhalidwe abwino ndi chikhalidwe. Pomaliza, zenizeni sizimangokhudza "zenizeni kapena zabodza," komanso kusunga umphumphu wa chidziwitso chakale ndikulemekeza cholowa cha chikhalidwe chomwe zinthu zakale zimayimira.
