Kuyang'anitsitsa Komwe Kuli Koyenera Mu Kafukufuku wa Zilankhulo
Kuyang'ana ophunzira ndi njira imodzi yabwino kwambiri yomvetsetsa chilankhulo monga momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'moyo weniweni. Mu kafukufuku wa chilankhulo, njira iyi imalola ofufuza kuti "awone" momwe chilankhulo chikugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuti apezeke m'malo omwe chimapangidwira, kukonzedwa, komanso kupatsidwa tanthauzo. Mosiyana ndi kusonkhanitsa deta yochokera ku mayeso kapena mafunso, komwe nthawi zambiri kumadalira mayankho okonzedwa, kuyang'ana ophunzira kumaika machitidwe a chilankhulo ngati zochitika zachikhalidwe: kuphatikizapo amene amalankhula, ndani, cholinga chiyani, pazochitika ziti, komanso zotsatira zake pa chikhalidwe.
Tanthauzo ndi udindo pa kafukufuku wa zilankhulo
Kawirikawiri, kuyang'anira ophunzira ndi njira yosonkhanitsira deta yomwe wofufuza amachita nawo—ndipo pang'ono—m'zochita za anthu ammudzi omwe akuphunziridwa, pamene akuchita zinthu mwadongosolo. Mu maphunziro a zilankhulo, kuyang'anira ophunzira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuvumbula njira za chilankhulo zomwe sizingachitike m'mikhalidwe yongopeka, mwachitsanzo: kusankha chilankhulo, njira zaulemu, kusintha ma code, machitidwe owerenga, nthabwala, miseche, kapena ngakhale chete ngati njira yolankhulirana.
Njira imeneyi imachokera kwambiri mu ethnography ndi interactional sociolinguistics. Komabe, imagwiranso ntchito pa pragmatics, kusanthula nkhani, maphunziro a anthropological linguistics, maphunziro a nkhani m'kalasi, komanso kafukufuku wa zilankhulo m'malo a digito (magulu amasewera, ma forum, magulu okambirana). Kwenikweni, kuyang'ana ophunzira kumathandiza ofufuza kupeza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa chilankhulo, umunthu, mphamvu, miyambo, ndi makhalidwe abwino am'deralo.
N’chifukwa chiyani kuyang’anira ophunzira n’kofunika?
Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe njira iyi imaonedwa kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri pakufufuza zilankhulo:
1. Kujambula chilankhulo m'njira yachibadwa. Chilankhulo sichimaima chokha; tanthauzo lake nthawi zambiri limadalira momwe zinthu zilili, ubale wa anthu, komanso chidziwitso chogawana. Kuyang'ana mbali kumathandiza ofufuza kumvetsetsa "chifukwa" chomwe chimapangitsa kusankha mawu, kamvekedwe, kapena njira yolankhulira.
2. Kuchepetsa tsankho pa mayankho. Mu kuyankhulana kapena kafukufuku, ophunzira angapereke mayankho omwe akukonzekera kale kapena mayankho omwe akugwirizana ndi zomwe anthu amayembekezera. Mwa kuyang'anitsitsa, ofufuza amawona machitidwe enieni, osati nkhani zokha zokhudza iwo.
3. Kupeza matanthauzo am'deralo. Mawu, nthabwala, kapena mawu wamba ammudzi nthawi zambiri amafunika kumvetsetsa kwa munthu wamkati. Mwa kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ofufuza amaphunzira matanthauzo omwe anthu ammudzi amagwiritsa ntchito.
4. Kuwulula mphamvu ndi umunthu. Kusankha chilankhulo kungakhale chizindikiro cha udindo, kuyandikira, kapena mtunda. Kuyang'anitsitsa ophunzira kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi kudzera mu zokambirana zomwe zikuchitika nthawi zonse.
Mlingo wa ofufuza omwe akutenga nawo mbali
Kutenga nawo mbali kwa ofufuza kungasiyane, ndipo kusankha mlingo woti atenge nawo mbali nthawi zambiri kumakonzedwa kuti kugwirizane ndi zolinga za kafukufuku ndi makhalidwe abwino ofufuza:
– Woyang'anira ngati wochita nawo: wofufuzayo alipo ndipo amalankhulana mokwanira, koma udindo waukulu ndi wowonera.
– Wochita nawo mbali monga wowonera: ofufuza amachita nawo kwambiri ntchito za anthu ammudzi pamene akusonkhanitsabe deta.
- Wophunzira aliyense: ofufuza amaphatikizidwa mu gulu ndi zochitika, ngakhale izi zimabweretsa mavuto a makhalidwe abwino komanso kuwonekera poyera.
- Woyang'anira zonse: wofufuzayo sakhudzidwa, koma njira iyi si "yotenga nawo mbali" kwambiri ndipo ingachepetse kumvetsetsa kwa nkhaniyo.
Mu kafukufuku wa zilankhulo, kuphatikiza mawu akuti "wophunzira monga wowonera" nthawi zambiri kumasankhidwa chifukwa kumalola wofufuza kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika, koma kumasungabe mtunda wofufuza.
Njira zoyendetsera kuwonetsetsa kuti anthu akutenga nawo mbali
1. Dziwani mafunso ofunika kuwaganizira komanso ofufuza
Ofufuza asanalowe m'mundawu, amakhazikitsa cholinga: mwachitsanzo, machitidwe osintha ma code pakati pa ogulitsa pamsika, njira zopempha chilolezo pakukambirana pakati pa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kapena mitundu ina ya nthabwala m'madera a pa intaneti. Cholinga ichi chimathandiza ofufuza kudziwa zochitika zolankhulirana zomwe zili zoyenera kuziwona.
2. Kulowa m'munda ndi kulowa m'nyumba
Kulowa m'dera nthawi zambiri kumafuna mlonda, monga mtsogoleri wa m'dera, mphunzitsi, kapena woyang'anira gulu. Ofufuza ayenera kufotokoza cholinga cha kafukufukuyu, mtundu wa kutenga nawo mbali kwawo, zoopsa zomwe zingachitike, komanso momwe angasungire chinsinsi. Pankhani ya chilankhulo, kumanga chidaliro ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ophunzira azilankhula mwachibadwa.
3. Kuyang'anitsitsa, kutenga nawo mbali, ndi kujambula deta
Deta yowonera ikhoza kukhala mu mawonekedwe a:
- Zolemba za m'munda: zolemba zochitika, ophunzira, mitu, zochitika zofunika, ndi malingaliro a ofufuza.
– Kujambula mawu/kanema (ngati kuli koyenera ndipo kololedwa): kumathandiza kwambiri pofufuza zinthu monga kamvekedwe ka mawu, kulankhula kofanana, ndi manja.
- Zikalata zothandizira: zinthu zolembedwa, macheza, maposita, kapena malamulo ammudzi omwe amakhudza machitidwe a zilankhulo.
Poyang'anira ophunzira, ofufuza ayenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi polemba zolemba nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa chochitikacho, chifukwa mfundo zimaiwalika msanga. Zolemba zitha kugawidwa m'mafotokozedwe enieni ndi kutanthauzira koyesera kuti njira yowunikira ikhale yowonekera bwino.
4. Kusinthasintha maganizo ndi udindo wa ofufuza
Chilankhulo chomwe wofufuzayo amagwiritsa ntchito, zaka zake, jenda lake, mbiri yake, komanso momwe alili pa maphunziro ake zimatha kusintha khalidwe la chilankhulo cha ophunzirawo. Chifukwa chake, kusinkhasinkha ndikofunikira: wofufuzayo amawunika momwe kupezeka kwake kumakhudzira mkhalidwewo komanso momwe malingaliro ake amakhudzira kutanthauzira. Mu kafukufuku wa chilankhulo, kusinkhasinkha kumaphatikizaponso kudziwa kusankha mawu osanthula omwe sangagwirizane ndi magulu am'deralo.
5. Kusanthula deta
Kusanthula kungachitike pang'onopang'ono panthawi yogwira ntchito komanso pambuyo pake. Ofufuza nthawi zambiri:
- kulemba mitu ndi zochitika zobwerezabwereza zolankhula,
- kuzindikira mitundu ya kusiyana kwa zilankhulo (monga mitundu yovomerezeka/yosavomerezeka, zilankhulo),
- fufuzani njira zogwirira ntchito monga zopempha, kukana, nthabwala,
- kulumikiza zomwe zapezeka ndi zochitika za anthu monga ubale wa mphamvu kapena miyambo yaulemu.
Pa maphunziro ena, deta yolembedwa ikhoza kulembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira zokambirana kapena njira zosavuta zolembera ngati pakufunika.
Mphamvu ndi zofooka
Mphamvu
- Nkhani yochuluka: zimathandiza kumvetsetsa machitidwe a chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe chawo.
- Deta yeniyeni: imasonyeza chilankhulo momwe chikugwiritsidwira ntchito.
- Zosinthasintha: ofufuza amatha kusintha cholinga kutengera zomwe apeza m'munda.
Zolepheretsa
- Kutenga nthawi ndi mphamvu: kumanga mwayi wopeza ndi kudalirana sikuchitika nthawi yomweyo.
– Kuopsa kwa kutengera zomwe munthu akunena: kutanthauzira kungakhudzidwe ndi kuyandikana kwa wofufuzayo ndi anthu ammudzi.
– Chodabwitsa cha Observer: anthu amatha kusintha kalankhulidwe kawo akadziwa kuti akuonedwa kapena kujambulidwa.
- Mavuto a makhalidwe abwino: makamaka okhudza zachinsinsi, chilolezo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito deta yolembedwa.
Zofooka izi zitha kuchepetsedwa mwa kuphatikiza zinthu zitatu (monga kuphatikiza kuyang'ana, kuyankhulana, ndi kusanthula zikalata), kufufuza mamembala (kufunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze bwino), ndi kulemba mwatsatanetsatane za njira yofufuzira.
Makhalidwe abwino pakuwona ophunzira
Makhalidwe abwino ndi ofunikira chifukwa kuyang'anira ophunzira kumakhudza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Ofufuza ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti:
- Chilolezo chodziwitsidwa: ophunzira akumvetsa zomwe wofufuzayo akuchita.
– Chinsinsi: mayina, malo enaake, kapena makhalidwe ozindikiritsa zimabisika.
- Malire olembera: si zochitika zonse zoyenera kujambula, makamaka zovuta.
– Ufulu wokana kapena kusiya: ophunzira akhoza kukana kutenga nawo mbali nthawi iliyonse.
M'madera a pa intaneti, makhalidwe abwino amatha kukhala ovuta kwambiri: kodi gulu limaonedwa ngati malo a anthu onse kapena achinsinsi? Ofufuza ayenera kufufuza malamulo a nsanja ndi miyambo ya anthu ammudzi, ndikuyika patsogolo chitetezo cha umunthu.
Kutseka
Kuyang'ana ophunzira kumapereka mwayi waukulu womvetsetsa chilankhulo ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi anthu, osati njira yolankhulirana yokha. Kudzera mukuchita zinthu mwadala komanso mwamakhalidwe abwino, ofufuza amatha kuzindikira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitika pakati pa anthu, matanthauzo am'deralo, komanso zovuta za ubale wa anthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chinenero chigwiritsidwe ntchito. Ngakhale kuti nthawi imafunika, luso loganiza bwino, komanso kusamala za makhalidwe abwino, njira imeneyi imapanga deta yozama yokhudzana ndi nthambi zosiyanasiyana za kafukufuku wa chilankhulo. Pomaliza, kuyang'ana ophunzira kumatithandiza kuona kuti chilankhulo sichigwiritsidwa ntchito pongopereka chidziwitso komanso kumanga umunthu, kusunga ubale, kukambirana miyambo, komanso kuwongolera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu.
