Njira Zosanthula Malemba mu Maphunziro a Anthropological
Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, "zolemba" sizitanthauza kulemba m'lingaliro lopapatiza. Zolemba zitha kuphatikizapo zolemba zakale zachikoloni, zolemba zam'munda, zolemba za kuyankhulana, mabuku opatulika, mawu a nyimbo, zolemba pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ma meme, komanso zokambirana za tsiku ndi tsiku zolembedwa. Anthropology imawona zolemba ngati zizindikiro za tanthauzo zomwe zimapangidwa, kufalikira, kukambidwa, ndi kukambirana m'moyo wa anthu. Chifukwa chake, kusanthula zolemba ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri chomvetsetsa momwe anthu amamangira umunthu, mphamvu, makhalidwe abwino, ndi chidziwitso.
Kusanthula malemba mu anthropology cholinga chake ndi kulumikiza mawu ndi nkhani: ndani akulankhula, ndani, ali mu mkhalidwe wotani, pogwiritsa ntchito njira iti, ndi zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimachokera ku mawu kapena zolemba. Mosiyana ndi njira zomwe zimangofufuza "zomwe zili" m'malemba, anthropology imakonda kukayikira njira yopangira malemba, ubale wamphamvu womwe umabwera nawo, ndi momwe malembawo amagwiritsidwira ntchito pochita zinthu ndi anthu.
1. Kusanthula Zomwe Zili M'kati
Kusanthula zomwe zili mkati ndi njira yomwe imazindikira mitu, magulu, ndi machitidwe a mawu kapena malingaliro mkati mwa zolemba. Mu anthropology, kusanthula zomwe zili mkati nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zomwe zili m'malingaliro kapena nkhani zinazake—monga momwe atolankhani am'deralo amafotokozera anthu osamukira kudziko lina, momwe zikalata za boma zimatchulira "umphawi," kapena momwe magulu a pa intaneti amakambirana za jenda.
Njira imeneyi ingakhale yowerengera (kuwerengera mawu/mafupipafupi a mitu) kapena yowunikira (kutanthauzira magulu mozama). Ubwino wake ndi wakuti imathandiza ofufuza kupanga mamapu okonzedwa bwino a mitu kuchokera ku deta yayikulu. Komabe, vuto lake ndi chiopsezo chochepetsa tanthauzo ngati chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi njira zolankhulirana zinyalanyazidwa. Mu anthropology, kusanthula zomwe zili mkati nthawi zambiri kumalimbikitsidwa ndi chidziwitso cha ethnographic kuti zitsimikizire kuti magulu omwe adapangidwa akugwirizana ndi momwe madera am'deralo amamvetsetsera mawuwo.
2. Kusanthula Nkhani
Kusanthula nkhani kumawona chilankhulo ngati chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimapanga zenizeni, osati kungowonetsa chabe. Ofufuza amafufuza momwe nkhani zina zimakhalira "zomveka," zachilendo, kapena zolamulira, komanso momwe zina zimasiyidwira pansi. Mwachitsanzo, mu maphunziro a zachikhalidwe ndi chitukuko, kusanthula nkhani kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kufufuza momwe mawu monga "kupatsa mphamvu," "kusintha," kapena "kusinthasintha" amapangidwira m'malemba ndi malankhulidwe a mfundo, motero zimakhudza mapulogalamu ndi makonzedwe a anthu.
Kusanthula nkhani kumayang'ananso pa mitu ya nkhani: ndani amaonedwa kuti ndi wololedwa kulankhula, ndani amaonedwa ngati "vuto," ndi momwe ubale wa mphamvu umagwirira ntchito kudzera mu kusankha mawu, fanizo, ndi kapangidwe ka mfundo. Njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri povumbulutsa malingaliro obisika kumbuyo kwa chilankhulo chovomerezeka komanso chodziwika bwino.
3. Kusanthula Nkhani
Anthu amamvetsa dziko lapansi kudzera m'nkhani: nkhani zoyambira, zokumana nazo za matenda, maulendo a moyo, kapena nkhani za kupambana ndi kulephera. Kusanthula nkhani kumafufuza momwe nkhani zimakhazikitsidwira, nkhani zomwe zimapangidwa, momwe anthu amakhalira, komanso makhalidwe abwino. Mwachitsanzo, mu anthropology ya zamankhwala, kusanthula nkhani kumathandiza kumvetsetsa momwe odwala amatanthauzira matenda awo—kaya ngati “mayeso,” “temberero,” kapena “zotsatira za ntchito”—zomwe zimakhudza kusankha chithandizo.
Njira imeneyi imasonyeza mawonekedwe ndi ntchito ya nkhaniyi, osati mfundo zokha. Ofufuza amafunsa kuti: ndi mbali ziti zomwe zikugogomezedwa, ndi mbali ziti zomwe zasiyidwa, momwe malingaliro amamangidwira, ndi momwe nkhaniyo imafotokozera miyambo ya chikhalidwe. Zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimavumbula kulumikizana pakati pa zomwe munthu wakumana nazo ndi kapangidwe ka anthu ambiri.
4. Kusanthula kwa Semiotiki ndi Zizindikiro
Semiotics imaphunzira zizindikiro, zizindikiro, ndi momwe tanthauzo limapangidwira kudzera mu ubale pakati pa zizindikiro (mawonekedwe) ndi zizindikiro (malingaliro). Mu anthropology, njira yophiphiritsira imawona zolemba ngati maukonde a zizindikiro zomwe zimatchula machitidwe amtengo wapatali ndi chilengedwe. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kusanthula tanthauzo la chizindikiro m'mawu a mantra, mawu amwambo, kapena ulemu womwe umawonetsa machitidwe a anthu.
Mwachizolowezi, kusanthula kwa semiotic sikumangotanthauza kuwerenga "tanthauzo" la zizindikiro, komanso kufufuza momwe zizindikiro zimagwirira ntchito m'mikhalidwe inayake: nthawi yomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndani, ndi momwe omvera amayankhira. Chizindikiro chomwecho chingakhale ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana kutengera ndi zomwe zikuchitika, kotero ofufuza ayenera kuyerekeza kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro pazochitika zachikhalidwe.
5. Hermeneutics ndi Kutanthauzira Mozama
Hermeneutics imachokera pa lingaliro lakuti kumvetsetsa malemba ndi njira yotanthauzira yokhala ndi magawo ambiri. Akatswiri a za anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito hermeneutics amayesa kulowa m'dziko la tanthauzo la wolankhula kapena wolemba, pomwe akuzindikira kuti wofufuzayo ali ndi chidziwitso chake. Njirayi ndi yoyenera pamalemba ovuta monga malemba achipembedzo, nthano, kapena mabuku am'deralo, komwe tanthauzo silimakhala lomveka bwino nthawi zonse.
Mphamvu ya hermeneutics ili mu kuwerenga mwakhama: kulabadira kusamveka bwino, zotsutsana, ndi mbiri ya kutanthauzira kwa malemba. Komabe, hermeneutics imafunanso kusinkhasinkha kwakukulu kuti ofufuza asapereke matanthauzo kuchokera kunja. Mu anthropology, hermeneutics nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi ethnography kuti ifufuze momwe anthu amatanthauzira malemba m'zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku.
6. Kusanthula Makambirano ndi Kujambula Mitundu ya Anthu pa Kulankhulana
Ngati malemba akumveka ngati zolemba za kuyanjana, ndiye kuti kusanthula zokambirana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kumakhala kofunikira. Kusanthula zokambirana kumafufuza tsatanetsatane wa zinthu monga kusinthana, kuyimitsa, kuseka, kukonza, ndi njira zosokoneza. Zambirizi zimatha kuwulula ubale wa anthu, ulamuliro, ulemu, kapena ngakhale mikangano yobisika.
Kumbali ina, kufotokoza za chikhalidwe cha anthu kumalimbikitsa malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula: nthawi yolankhula mwachindunji, nthawi yolankhula molunjika, ndani angatsutse ndani, ndi momwe kalembedwe ka chilankhulo kamasonyezera momwe zinthu zilili. Mu maphunziro a anthu, njira imeneyi imathandiza kumvetsetsa kuti "tanthauzo" silimangokhala m'mawu okha, komanso momwe amalankhulidwira, nthawi, ndi momwe zinthuzo zimalankhulidwira.
7. Kusanthula Mbiri Yakale ndi Zakale
Zolemba zakale—malipoti a atsamunda, manyuzipepala akale, zolemba za amishonale, kapena zikalata za khothi—nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati malo olowera kumvetsetsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kusanthula mbiri yakale mu anthropology kumafufuza zolemba ngati zopangidwa ndi nthawi inayake, zomwe zili ndi tsankho, zokonda, ndi magulu a chidziwitso cha nthawi imeneyo. Mwachitsanzo, njira za atsamunda zogawa mafuko kapena miyambo zimatha kupanga ndale zodziwika mpaka lero.
Njira imeneyi imafuna kutsutsidwa ndi magwero: kufunsa wolembayo kuti ndani, cholinga cha chikalatacho chinapangidwira chiyani, ndani sanatchulidwe, komanso momwe chilankhulo cha utsogoleri chimapangira "zenizeni" zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizoyenera. Chifukwa chake, zolemba zakale sizingokhala zosungiramo mfundo zenizeni, koma malo amphamvu ndi oimira.
8. Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito Intaneti: Kusanthula Malemba Mothandizidwa ndi Kuwerengera
M'mikhalidwe yamakono, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amakumana ndi zambiri zokhudza malemba: ndemanga za pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, ma forum a anthu ammudzi, kapena nkhani za pa intaneti. Njira zowerengera monga chitsanzo cha mitu, kusanthula malingaliro, kapena maukonde a mawu zingathandize kuzindikira njira zomwe anthu amafanana. Komabe, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zambiri amagogomezera kuti zotsatira za makompyuta ziyenera kutanthauziridwa motsatira chikhalidwe cha anthu: chifukwa chake mitu ina imatulukira, momwe zoseketsa ndi nthabwala zimagwirira ntchito, komanso chikhalidwe chomwe chili kumbuyo kwa "malingaliro."
Njira yosakanikirana nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito: ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito zida zama digito pojambula mapangidwe, kenako amawerenga mosamala zitsanzo zazikulu, limodzi ndi kuyankhulana kapena kuwona kuti ayese kutanthauzira.
Njira Zothandiza Pofufuza Zolemba za Anthropology
Kawirikawiri, kusanthula malemba mu maphunziro a anthu kungatsatire njira izi: (1) kudziwa funso lofufuza ndi mtundu woyenera wa malemba; (2) kusonkhanitsa deta ndikutsimikizira makhalidwe abwino, makamaka a zolemba zachinsinsi kapena madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo; (3) kulemba ndi kukonza deta; (4) kupanga ma code oyamba ndi magulu a mitu; (5) kutanthauzira machitidwe powagwirizanitsa ndi zochitika za anthu, mbiri yakale, ndi ubale wamphamvu; (6) kutsimikizira kudzera mu triangulation—mwachitsanzo, kuyerekeza malemba ndi zomwe zawonedwa m'munda ndi kuyankhulana; (7) kulemba zotsatira ndi reflexivity, kutanthauza kudziwa udindo wa wofufuzayo pa njira yomasulira.
Kutseka
Njira zosanthula malemba mu anthropology zimadalira kwambiri mfundo imodzi: malemba ndi zochita za anthu zomwe sizingalekanitsidwe ndi momwe moyo wa munthu ulili. Kusanthula zomwe zili mkati kumathandiza kupanga mapu, kusanthula nkhani kumavumbula ubale wamphamvu, kusanthula nkhani kumamvetsetsa zomwe zachitika kudzera m'nkhani, semiotics imawerenga zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro, hermeneutics imagogomezera kutanthauzira mozama, kusanthula zokambirana kumavumbula momwe zinthu zimayenderana, maphunziro osungiramo zinthu zakale amatsata mbiri ya kuyimira, ndipo njira zama digito zimatsegula mwayi wowerenga deta yayikulu. Mwa kuphatikiza moganizira bwino njira izi, anthropology imatha kupeza tanthauzo lenileni - osati tanthauzo lolembedwa - ndikufotokozera momwe chilankhulo ndi zolemba zimathandizira pakupanga dziko la anthu.
