Zopereka za Akazi pa Nkhani ya Anthropology
Pendauluan
Anthropology ndi kafukufuku wasayansi wa anthu, zikhalidwe zawo, ndi madera awo. Maphunzirowa amafuna kumvetsetsa bwino khalidwe la anthu, chilankhulo, miyambo, ndi njira za moyo. M'mbiri yake yonse, anthropology nthawi zambiri imaonedwa ngati gawo lolamulidwa ndi amuna. Komabe, lingaliro ili si loona konse. Akazi apereka thandizo lalikulu pakupititsa patsogolo anthropology, ngakhale kuti zopereka zawo nthawi zambiri sizimaganiziridwa kapena kuzindikirika mokwanira.
Udindo Woyambirira wa Akazi mu Anthropology
M'zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, akazi anayamba kulowa m'dziko la maphunziro, kuphatikizapo anthropology. Mmodzi mwa akazi oyambitsa awa anali Alice Cunningham Fletcher, katswiri wa anthropology waku America wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha ntchito yake ndi madera a anthu aku America. Ngakhale kuti anakumana ndi zopinga zambiri zokhudza amuna ndi akazi, Fletcher anakwanitsa kufalitsa kafukufuku wozama komanso wodalirika pa chikhalidwe cha anthu aku America, makamaka a Omaha ndi Winnebago.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, ku Ulaya, Hélène Metzger, katswiri wa mbiri yakale wa ku France, anabweretsa malingaliro atsopano pa maphunziro a ethnography ndi anthropology ya mbiri yakale. Akazi awa adatsegulira mibadwo yotsatira, kusonyeza kuti malingaliro awo ndi njira zawo zinali zofunika monga za amuna.
Akazi Otchuka mu Anthropology
Patapita nthawi, akazi ambiri anayamba kuchita nawo maphunziro a anthu ndipo anasiya chizindikiro chawo. Anthu ena omwe akukumbukiridwa lero ndi Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, ndi Zora Neale Hurston.
Margaret Mead
Margaret Mead anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino komanso olemekezeka a anthu a m'zaka za m'ma 20. Kafukufuku wake ku Samoa ndi Papua New Guinea adapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa chikhalidwe ndi kapangidwe ka anthu kumeneko. Buku lake lodziwika bwino, "Coming of Age in Samoa," limapereka malingaliro omveka bwino okhudza momwe chikhalidwe ndi kapangidwe ka amuna ndi akazi zimakhudzira chitukuko cha munthu aliyense. Ntchito ya Mead sinali yofunikira pamaphunziro okha komanso inakhudza kwambiri kumvetsetsa kwa anthu onse za chikhalidwe ndi maudindo a amuna ndi akazi.
Ruth Benedict
Ruth Benedict, bwenzi komanso wogwira naye ntchito Mead, nayenso adapereka thandizo lalikulu pa maphunziro a anthu. Ntchito yake yakale, Patterns of Culture, idafufuza lingaliro la chikhalidwe ngati chitsanzo cha zizolowezi zomwe zimapangitsa khalidwe la munthu ndi chiweruzo cha makhalidwe abwino. Iye adayambitsa lingaliro la chikhalidwe chogwirizana, lomwe limanena kuti makhalidwe ndi machitidwe a chikhalidwe chimodzi sangaweruzidwe ndi miyezo ya chikhalidwe china koma ayenera kumvedwa mkati mwa chikhalidwe chimenecho.
Zora Neale Hurston
Zora Neale Hurston, wolemba komanso katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Africa, adapereka chithandizo chofunikira pakumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu aku Africa komanso anthu aku Africa. M'mabuku ake otchuka akuti *Mules and Men* ndi *Their Eyes Were Watching God*, Hurston adaphatikiza zolemba za mafuko ndi mabuku, kupereka chidziwitso chakuya pa miyoyo ndi miyambo ya anthu aku Africa ku America Kum'mwera. Ntchito yake ikuwonetsa mphamvu, umunthu, ndi chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro apadera komanso ozindikira.
Mphamvu ya Akazi mu Njira ndi Njira ya Anthropology
Sikuti kokha m'nkhani yofufuza, komanso akazi amatenga nawo mbali kwambiri popanga njira ndi njira zophunzirira za anthu. Nthawi zambiri amabweretsa malingaliro ophatikizana komanso ophatikizana, poganizira zinthu zomwe mwina sizinanyalanyazidwepo kale.
Anthropology ya Akazi
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe akazi amapereka pa kafukufuku wa anthu ndi chitukuko cha "anthropology ya akazi." Kafukufuku wa anthu a akazi amafuna kumvetsetsa momwe amuna ndi akazi amakhudzira moyo wa anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusanthula mozama momwe kafukufuku wakale adakhalira wokondera malingaliro a amuna komanso kunyalanyaza zomwe akazi amakumana nazo. Akatswiri a anthu a akazi monga Sherry Ortner ndi Marilyn Strathern atsutsa ndikuchotsa malingaliro a abambo pa kafukufuku wa anthu ndipo adayambitsa njira zatsopano, zophatikizana komanso zofanana.
Njira Zofotokozera Makhalidwe a Anthu
Akazi mu maphunziro a anthu awonjezera ndi kukulitsa njira zowerengera anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Marilyn Strathern amagwiritsa ntchito njira yoganizira bwino ntchito yake, poganizira momwe udindo wake ndi umunthu wake monga wofufuza zimakhudzira kutanthauzira ndi kulemba kwa mafuko. Izi zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a anthu kuti akhale ndi malingaliro odzidziwa bwino komanso owunikira.
Mavuto ndi Zomwe Zachitika
Ngakhale kuti akazi ambiri achita bwino, akukumana ndi mavuto ambiri. Kusankhana amuna ndi akazi komanso kusapeza bwino zinthu zophunzirira nthawi zambiri kumalepheretsa ntchito zawo. Komabe, kulimba mtima kwawo ndi kupirira kwawo kumapitirizabe kupindulitsa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zopereka za akazi ku maphunziro a anthu sizinganyalanyazidwe.
M'zaka za m'ma 21, akazi ambiri apeza maudindo apamwamba m'mabungwe ophunzitsa ndipo alandiridwa mochuluka chifukwa cha ntchito yawo. Ofufuza monga Lila Abu-Lughod, wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha ntchito yake yokhudza akazi m'dziko la Chisilamu, ndi Nancy Scheper-Hughes, yemwe amagwira ntchito zachipatala ndi anthropology, adziwika padziko lonse lapansi ndipo akhudza mfundo ndi kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe ndi anthu.
Mapeto
M'mbiri yonse ya maphunziro a anthu monga gawo la maphunziro, zopereka za akazi zakhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu komanso zazikulu. Kuyambira anthu oyambirira mpaka mibadwo yamakono, akazi asintha momwe timamvetsetsera anthu ndi zikhalidwe zawo. Atsutsa malingaliro omwe alipo, ayambitsa malingaliro atsopano, ndikulimbitsa njira zofufuzira.
Ndikofunikira kuti tipitirize kuzindikira ndi kulemekeza zomwe akazi apereka pa maphunziro a anthu. Kuzindikira kumeneku sikuti kumangokumbukira zakale zokha komanso kumalimbikitsa malo ophunzirira ophatikizana komanso ofanana kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo ya ofufuza achikazi. Mwanjira imeneyi, sayansi ya maphunziro a anthu ikhoza kupitiliza kukula ndikusintha kuti imvetsetse zovuta ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa moyo wa anthu.
