Nkhani Zachilengedwe Kuchokera ku Malingaliro a Anthropology
Nkhani zokhudza chilengedwe ndi zofunika kwambiri chifukwa zimakhudza kwambiri moyo wa anthu komanso chilengedwe chonse. Ngakhale kuti zokambirana zambiri zokhudza chilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa kuchokera ku sayansi, zachuma, kapena ndale, mfundo zokhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu imaperekanso mfundo zambiri zofunika. Anthropology, monga phunziro lonse la chitukuko cha anthu, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, imatithandiza kumvetsetsa nkhani zokhudza chilengedwe mkati mwa nkhani yaikulu komanso kulumikizana pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe.
Ubale wa Anthu ndi Zachilengedwe: Ndemanga Yakale
Anthropology imapereka mbiri yakale yokhudza momwe anthu akhala akugwirira ntchito ndi chilengedwe chawo kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Kuyambira nthawi zakale, anthu azolowera chilengedwe chawo kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana monga kusaka, kusonkhanitsa, ndi ulimi. Nthawi yaulimi, yomwe idayamba zaka pafupifupi 10.000 zapitazo, idasintha kwambiri ubale wa anthu ndi chilengedwe. Njira zoyambirira zaulimi monga kuthirira ndi kusinthana kwa mbewu ndi zitsanzo za kusintha kwa anthu ku chilengedwe komwe kunalola kuti anthu akule ndikukula.
Komabe, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha ukadaulo ndi mafakitale, kuyanjana kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe kwayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso. Zotsatira zoyipa monga kudula mitengo, kuipitsidwa kwa madzi ndi mpweya, komanso kutha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo ndi zina mwa mavuto azachilengedwe omwe abwera chifukwa cha zochita za anthu zosakhazikika. Anthropology imapereka njira yowunikira momwe zikhalidwe ndi magulu osiyanasiyana athandizira, komanso kuvutika, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Malingaliro a Chikhalidwe
Anthu onse ali ndi njira yapadera yowonera ndi kuyanjana ndi chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, anthu am'deralo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malingaliro opatulika komanso opatulika pa chilengedwe. Amakonda kudziona ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri la chilengedwe ndipo ali ndi zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe omwe amalemekeza chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mafuko ku Amazon ali ndi miyambo ndi miyambo yokhudzana ndi kuzungulira kwachilengedwe ndi kukhazikika.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, anthu amakono ogwira ntchito zamafakitale nthawi zambiri amaona zachilengedwe ngati chuma chogwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze phindu pazachuma. Lingaliro limeneli limawonekera bwino mu kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka, ukadaulo, ndi mfundo za boma, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagogomezera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zachilengedwe popanda kuganizira za zotsatira za nthawi yayitali pa chilengedwe. Lingaliro la chikhalidwe limeneli limakhudza momwe timathanirana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe ndipo limasankha machitidwe ndi mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zithetsedwe.
Ethnoecology: Kumvetsetsa Chidziwitso Chachikhalidwe
Ethnoecology ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imaphunzira momwe madera achikhalidwe amamvetsetsa zachilengedwe zawo komanso momwe chidziwitsochi chingagwiritsidwire ntchito posunga chilengedwe. Chidziwitso cha m'deralo ichi, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "chidziwitso chachikhalidwe cha zachilengedwe" (TEK), ndi kusonkhanitsa mibadwo yambiri ya machitidwe ndi kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe chawo.
Mwachitsanzo, madera a anthu okhala m'madera akum'mwera kwa Pacific ali ndi njira zamakono zoyendetsera zinthu zam'madzi, monga kusodza kokhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito zida zachikhalidwe komanso madera ozungulira usodzi. Machitidwe amenewa omwe ayesedwa nthawi yayitali amapereka zitsanzo zomwe zingaphatikizidwe mu njira zamakono zosungira ndi kusamalira zinthu zokhazikika.
Zotsatira za Kudalirana kwa Dziko Lonse pa Chilengedwe Chakumaloko
Kuchulukana kwa mayiko padziko lonse kwabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito ndi chilengedwe chawo. Malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, kukula kwa mizinda mwachangu, ndi mafakitale zasintha malo achilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale zotsatira zina zingakhale zabwino, monga kuwonjezeka kwa mwayi wopeza ukadaulo wobiriwira, zambiri zimakhalanso ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa kwambiri.
Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndikofunikira kuganizira momwe kudalirana kwa dziko lonse lapansi kumakhudzira madera am'deralo, makamaka pankhani yokhudza kutayika kwa nthaka, kudula mitengo, ndi kuipitsa chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, makampani ambiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe m'maiko osatukuka, nthawi zambiri osaganizira za zotsatira za nthawi yayitali pa chilengedwe ndi madera am'deralo. Chochitikachi sichimangowononga chilengedwe komanso nthawi zambiri chimabweretsa kutayika kwa chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali cha chikhalidwe ndi chidziwitso chachikhalidwe.
Kusintha kwa Zachikhalidwe ndi Kusintha
M'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, titha kuona zitsanzo zambiri za zatsopano za chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kusintha chikhalidwe chawo kuti chigwirizane ndi mavuto azachilengedwe. Madera nthawi zambiri amapeza njira zatsopano komanso zokhazikika zothetsera mavuto awo. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena a ku Africa, alimi apanga njira zolima nkhalango zomwe zimaphatikiza mbewu za chakudya ndi mitengo kuti ziwongolere chonde m'nthaka ndikuchepetsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka.
Ku India, njira zomwe anthu ammudzi amatsatira pofuna kupulumutsa mitsinje yodetsedwa kudzera mu ntchito zoyeretsa ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe zawonetsa kupambana kwakukulu. Zatsopanozi zikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa m'deralo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chidziwitso ndi machitidwe a chikhalidwe kungapereke mayankho okhazikika komanso ogwira mtima pa nkhani zachilengedwe.
Mavuto ndi Mwayi mu Maphunziro a Anthropology ya Zachilengedwe
Chimodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu mu maphunziro a zachilengedwe ndi kuthana ndi zovuta za kuyanjana kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe m'malo osiyanasiyana azikhalidwe. Njira yolumikizirana komanso yophatikiza mitundu ndi yofunika kuti timvetsetse momwe chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma, ndale, ndi chikhalidwe zimathandizira pa nkhani zachilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira komanso zogawana nawo ndikofunikira kwambiri pophatikiza anthu am'deralo pakufufuza ndi kupanga zisankho.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, palinso mwayi wambiri. Kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu kungapereke nzeru zofunika zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mfundo ndi machitidwe ogwirizana komanso okhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, chikhalidwe cha anthu chingakhale ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa anthu za kufunika kosunga chilengedwe kuchokera ku chikhalidwe.
Mapeto
Poyang'anizana ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu limapereka chidziwitso chofunikira cha momwe anthu amaonera ndi kugwirira ntchito ndi chilengedwe chawo. Kudzera mu kumvetsetsa mozama mbiri ya anthu, chikhalidwe, ndi chidziwitso chachikhalidwe, titha kupeza njira zatsopano komanso zokhazikika zothetsera mavuto azachilengedwe. Kuphunzira za chilengedwe sikuti kungokhudza kumvetsetsa ubale pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe, komanso kupeza njira zopitira ku tsogolo logwirizana pakati pa awiriwa. Mwa kuyamikira ndikuphunzira kuchokera ku miyambo ndi chidziwitso, ndikuphatikiza zatsopano zachikhalidwe, titha kupanga tsogolo labwino komanso lokhazikika kwa onse.
