Kulankhulana kwa Ethnography mu Maphunziro a Zilankhulo
Kulankhulana kwa anthu ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yophunzirira chilankhulo yomwe imaika chilankhulo ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu ndi chikhalidwe. Mosiyana ndi maphunziro a chilankhulo omwe amangoyang'ana kwambiri kapangidwe ka chilankhulo—monga phonology, morphology, kapena syntax—kulankhulana kwa anthu kumayang'ana kwambiri momwe chilankhulo chimagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi anthu ammudzi m'mikhalidwe yeniyeni. Njira imeneyi imakhulupirira kuti kuti amvetse tanthauzo la mawu, ofufuza sayenera kungofufuza kapangidwe ka ziganizo komanso kumvetsetsa amene akulankhula, kwa ndani, m'nkhani iti, cholinga chake, komanso malinga ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe yomwe ilipo.
Tanthauzo ndi Mbiri
Mawu akuti "ethnography of communication" amagwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito ya Dell Hymes m'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970. Hymes anatsutsa zilankhulo zovomerezeka ngati lingaliro lochepa kwambiri, kunyalanyaza magawo a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chinenero. Anayambitsa lingaliro la luso lolankhulana, lomwe limatanthauza luso la munthu osati kungopanga ziganizo zolondola pa galamala komanso kuzigwiritsa ntchito moyenera komanso moyenera m'mikhalidwe ya anthu. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, ethnography of communication inapangidwa ngati phunziro la njira zolumikizirana mkati mwa chikhalidwe china.
Mwachidule, ethnography ya kulankhulana ingamveke ngati kafukufuku wofufuza momwe anthu amalankhulirana m'dera: zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zabwino kulankhula, momwe malamulo olankhulira amagwiritsidwira ntchito, mitundu ya zochitika zolankhulirana zomwe ndi zofunika, komanso momwe umunthu ndi ubale wamphamvu zimaonekera m'chilankhulo.
Cholinga cha Phunziro: Chilankhulo monga Machitidwe a Anthu
Mu njira yolankhulirana, chilankhulo chimamveka ngati njira yolankhulirana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chilankhulo si chida chongopereka chidziwitso, komanso njira yomangira ubale, kutsimikizira udindo, kusonyeza ulemu, kukambirana, komanso kubisa zolinga. Mwachitsanzo, momwe munthu amalankhulira ndi munthu wina kungapereke zizindikiro za kutalikirana, ulemu, kuyandikana, kapena mwambo. M'madera ena, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu achibale monga "Pakde," "Azakhali," "Kak," kapena "Mas" si nkhani yongolankhulana chabe komanso njira yokonzera ubale wa anthu.
Kafukufukuyu adapezanso kuti "tanthauzo" limodzi lingasiyane kutengera chikhalidwe. Mawu omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi olunjika komanso oona mtima pamalo ena angaonedwe ngati amwano pamalo ena. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, njira yolankhulirana yosalunjika ingamveke ngati yaulemu m'chikhalidwe china koma yosatsimikiza mtima m'chikhalidwe china.
Magawo Ofufuza mu Ethnography Yolumikizirana
Ethnography ya kulankhulana imafufuza kulankhulana kudzera m'magawo angapo kapena magawo angapo a kusanthula. Kawirikawiri, ofufuza amasiyanitsa pakati pa:
1. Gulu la anthu olankhula: gulu la anthu lomwe limagawana miyambo yogwiritsira ntchito chilankhulo. Gulu la anthu olankhula silifanana nthawi zonse ndi gulu la anthu olankhula chinenero chimodzi; magulu awiri amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chimodzi koma amakhala ndi miyambo yosiyana yolankhula.
2. Mkhalidwe wa kulankhula: momwe kulankhulana kumachitikira, mwachitsanzo misonkhano ya m'mudzi, makalasi a kusukulu, miyambo yachikhalidwe, kapena kuyanjana pamsika.
3. Chochitika cholankhula: chochitika cholankhulana chokonzedwa bwino chokhala ndi cholinga china chake, mwachitsanzo njira yofunsira, msonkhano wachikhalidwe wa khoti, ulaliki wa Lachisanu, kapena kukambirana pagulu.
4. Zochita zolankhula: zochita za chilankhulo chaching'ono monga kufunsa, kulamula, kutamanda, kukana, kunena mobisa, kapena kulonjeza.
Poika mapu a milingo iyi, ofufuza amatha kuona kapangidwe ka anthu pakulankhulana mwadongosolo kwambiri.
Chitsanzo Cholankhula kuchokera ku Dell Hymes
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Dell Hymes adapereka pa nkhani ya kulankhulana kwa anthu ndi chida chowunikira chomwe chimadziwika kuti SPEAKING model. Chitsanzochi chimathandiza ofufuza kusanthula zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa nkhani yolankhula:
– S (Malo ndi Zochitika): malo, nthawi, ndi momwe zinthu zilili pa nthawi yolumikizirana.
– P (Otenga nawo mbali): magulu omwe akukhudzidwa (wokamba nkhani, mnzanu wolankhula, omvera), kuphatikizapo maudindo awo pagulu.
– E (Mapeto): zolinga ndi zotsatira zomwe zimayembekezeredwa za kulumikizana.
– A (Ndondomeko ya zochita): ndondomeko ya zochita kapena kayendedwe ka mawu (momwe makambirano amayambira, amakulira komanso amathera).
– K (Kiyi): kamvekedwe kapena kalembedwe (koopsa, koseka, konyoza, kovomerezeka).
– I (Zida): njira ndi mitundu ya zilankhulo (zolankhulidwa/zolembedwa, chilankhulo, ma code osakanikirana, zoulutsira mawu za digito).
– N (Miyezo): miyezo yolumikizirana ndi kutanthauzira (zomwe zinganenedwe/zisanenedwe, pamene nthawi ya munthu ndi yoti alankhule).
– G (Mtundu): mtundu wa nkhani (nkhani, ndakatulo, miseche, kulankhula, kukambirana).
Kudzera mu KULANKHULA, ofufuza amatha kufotokoza chifukwa chake mawu ali ndi tanthauzo kudera linalake, osati tanthauzo la mawuwo.
Njira Yofufuzira: Kuyang'anitsitsa Mosamala
Kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira anthu, zomwe zimagogomezera ntchito yofufuza anthu m'munda. Ofufuza amachita kafukufuku wokhudza anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali, kuyankhulana mozama, kulemba zolemba za anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali, komanso kujambula zochitika (zomvera/kanema) nthawi iliyonse yomwe zingatheke. Deta yomwe yasonkhanitsidwa siili ndi zolemba zokha za zokambirana komanso zolemba za manja, mawonekedwe, mtunda, momwe anthu akuchitira zinthu, komanso momwe ophunzirawo akuchitira zinthu.
Njira yowunikira nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo: (1) kuzindikira zochitika zofunika kwambiri zolankhulirana m'dera, (2) kupanga mapu a miyambo yolankhulirana, (3) kusanthula njira zolankhulirana ndi kusankha ma code, ndi (4) kutanthauzira tanthauzo la chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha njira zolankhuliranazi. Pa gawoli, ofufuza ayenera kukhala osamala ndi malingaliro amkati (emic), osati kungoyesa kwakunja (etic).
Kufunika kwa Maphunziro a Zilankhulo ku Indonesia
Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana komanso azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ku Indonesia, njira yolankhulirana ndi yofunika kwambiri. Kusiyana kwa mafuko, zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana, zilankhulo za m'madera osiyanasiyana, ndi miyambo yosiyanasiyana yaulemu kumapangitsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo kugwirizane kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kusankha pakati pa "iwe-ine" ndi "iwe-ine," kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yaulemu mu Chijava, sikuti ndi chisankho cha chilankhulo chokha, koma chisankho chosonyeza chikhalidwe cha anthu, zaka, ndi ubale pakati pa anthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, chitukuko cha kulankhulana kwa digito chatsegula njira zatsopano zofufuzira. Mwachitsanzo, m'macheza a pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, miyambo yatsopano imabuka, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osonyeza kutengeka, mawu ofupikitsa, kapena masitayelo onyoza, omwe amatha kusiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana pa intaneti. Kulankhulana kwa anthu kungathandize kumvetsetsa momwe kudziwika ndi mgwirizano zimamangidwira kudzera m'chinenero m'malo a digito, komanso momwe mikangano yolankhulirana ingayambire chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutanthauzira miyambo.
Ubwino wa Kulankhulana ndi Anthu Ena
Njira imeneyi ndi yothandiza m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Mu maphunziro a chilankhulo, njira yolankhulirana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana imathandiza aphunzitsi kumvetsetsa kuti "kulankhulana bwino" sikuti ndi nkhani ya galamala yokha, komanso luso losankha mawu oyenera. Mu njira yolankhulirana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana, njira imeneyi imathandiza kupewa kusamvana chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa malamulo olankhulira. Mu maphunziro a zilankhulo za anthu, njira yolankhulirana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana imawonjezera kusanthula kwa kusiyana kwa zilankhulo pogogomezera ntchito zake za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Pankhani ya mfundo za anthu onse, zomwe zapezeka kuchokera ku njira zolankhulirana zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mapulogalamu othandiza kwambiri ophunzirira kulemba ndi kuwerenga, mautumiki apagulu, kapena kulumikizana kwaumoyo. Mwachitsanzo, momwe chidziwitso chaumoyo chimaperekedwera mdera linalake chingafunike kusintha kuti chigwirizane ndi machitidwe aboma am'deralo, mitundu yodalirika yolankhulira, ndi njira zolankhulirana zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zaulemu.
Kutseka
Kujambula mitundu ya anthu polankhulana m'maphunziro a zilankhulo kumapereka lingaliro lonse: chilankhulo chimamveka ngati chinthu chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe nthawi zonse. Mwa kuwunika njira zolankhulirana m'magulu olankhula, njira iyi imatithandiza kumvetsetsa kuti kulankhulana kopambana sikungotsimikiziridwa ndi kulondola kwa galamala komanso ndi kuyenerera kwa anthu, makhalidwe a chikhalidwe, ndi miyambo yolumikizana. M'dera lomwe likuchulukirachulukira komanso logwirizana, kujambula mitundu ya anthu polankhulana ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti timvetsetse momwe chilankhulo chimagwirira ntchito m'njira yaumunthu, yogwirizana, komanso yofunikira pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kuwonjezeranso zitsanzo za kafukufuku wamilandu (monga ethnography ya kulankhulana m'miyambo yachikhalidwe, m'makalasi, kapena pazokambirana pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti) kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yomveka bwino komanso yofanana ndi mawu 1000 molondola.
