Anthropology Yachipatala ndi Njira Zonse Zothandizira Thanzi
Thanzi nthawi zambiri limamveka ngati nkhani yachilengedwe: thupi limadwala, chifukwa chake chimafunidwa, kenako mankhwala amaperekedwa. Komabe, m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, thanzi ndi matenda sizimasiyana. Zimakhudzidwa ndi momwe anthu amatanthauzira zizindikiro, zakudya, maubwenzi apabanja, mavuto azachuma, mavuto ogwira ntchito, mwayi wopeza chithandizo, zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo, komanso miyambo yachikhalidwe yokhudza thupi ndi matenda. Apa ndi pomwe maphunziro azachipatala amakhala ofunikira - gawo lomwe limatithandiza kuwona thanzi ngati chochitika chomwe nthawi imodzi chimakhala chachilengedwe, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, komanso ndale. Kudzera mu lingaliro ili, njira yonse yopezera thanzi si mawu okha, koma kufunikira komvetsetsa munthu aliyense.
Kodi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chiyani?
Anthropology ya zamankhwala ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imaphunzira momwe anthu amaonera thanzi, matenda, machiritso, ndi machitidwe azaumoyo. Kafukufukuyu akuphatikizapo momwe anthu ammudzi amaperekera tanthauzo ku "matenda," momwe matenda amatanthauzidwira ndikugawidwa m'magulu, omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi ovomerezeka kuchiritsa, komanso momwe machitidwe ochiritsa amagwirizanirana ndi kapangidwe ka anthu ndi mphamvu.
Anthropology ya zamankhwala imasiyanitsanso mawu angapo ofunikira. Matenda nthawi zambiri amatanthauza matenda achilengedwe omwe amayesedwa kuchipatala. Matenda amatanthauza zomwe munthu amakumana nazo chifukwa chodwala, kuphatikizapo mantha, manyazi, ndi momwe amachitira zinthu pagulu. Komabe, matenda nthawi zambiri amamveka ngati udindo pagulu pamene munthu amadziwika kuti "akudwala" ndi malo omwe ali, kuphatikizapo zotsatira za maudindo a anthu—monga kuloledwa kuphonya ntchito kapena kuonedwa kuti ndi wofooka.
Posiyanitsa magawo atatuwa, maphunziro azachipatala akugogomezera kuti matenda okha sikokwanira kufotokoza zenizeni nthawi zonse. Anthu awiri omwe ali ndi matenda ofanana amatha kukumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana kutengera chithandizo cha m'banja, momwe chuma chilili, kapena manyazi m'madera awo.
N’chifukwa chiyani njira yogwirira ntchito yonse ndi yofunika?
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zonse imaona thanzi ngati zotsatira za zinthu zambiri: zakuthupi, zamaganizo, zachikhalidwe, zachikhalidwe, zauzimu, komanso zachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri, njira zamankhwala zamakono zitha kulephera ngati anyalanyaza zinthuzi. Mwachitsanzo, wodwala matenda oopsa angapatsidwe mankhwala othandiza, koma nkhawa pa moyo wake, kudya zakudya zapabanja, maola ambiri ogwira ntchito, komanso kupeza chakudya chokwera mtengo chopatsa thanzi kungayambitse kulephera kwa magazi.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito njira zonse sizitanthauza kukana mankhwala achilengedwe. M'malo mwake, imatilimbikitsa kuwonjezera mankhwala achilengedwe ndi kumvetsetsa momwe wodwalayo alili pa moyo wake. Mwachidule, izi zikutanthauza kuti akatswiri azaumoyo ayenera kuganizira za kulankhulana, ubale wa odwala ndi mabanja awo, momwe amagwirira ntchito, zizolowezi zakudya, ndi zikhulupiriro zomwe zimakhudza zisankho za chithandizo.
Chikhalidwe chimakhudza tanthauzo la thanzi ndi matenda
Chikhalidwe chilichonse chili ndi njira yake yofotokozera zomwe zimayambitsa matenda. Ena amagogomezera kusalingana kwa kutentha ndi kutentha, ena amalumikiza matenda ndi kusokonezeka kwauzimu, ndipo ena amatanthauzira izi ngati chifukwa cha kupsinjika maganizo kapena mikangano ya m'banja. Mafotokozedwe awa si "zikhulupiriro" chabe, koma ndi njira zomwe zimathandiza anthu kupanga zisankho: nthawi yoti akawone dokotala, nthawi yoti akapumule mokwanira, nthawi yoti akapeze mankhwala achikhalidwe, kapena nthawi yoti akapeze thandizo la anthu achipembedzo.
Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena, madandaulo monga "masuk angin" (chimfine) amamveka ngati matenda enieni omwe amafunika kuchiritsidwa ndi kapu, kutikita minofu, kapena zakumwa zofunda. Kuchokera ku lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu azachipatala, chinthu chofunikira si kukambirana mawu okha, koma kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake machitidwewa amakhuliridwa, momwe amakhudzira khalidwe lofunafuna thanzi, komanso momwe akatswiri azaumoyo angalankhulire popanda kunyoza zomwe wodwalayo akumana nazo.
Njira zachipatala zambiri: zachikhalidwe, zamakono, ndi zina
M'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Indonesia, anthu amakhala m'magulu osiyanasiyana azachipatala: mankhwala achilengedwe (madokotala, zipatala) amayenderana ndi mankhwala achikhalidwe (mankhwala azitsamba, kutikita minofu, othandizira obereka), ndi njira zina zowonjezera (kutema mphini, kupumitsa, kusinkhasinkha). Anthu ambiri amaphatikiza machitidwe awa moyenera: ngati ali ndi malungo ochepa, amayesa mankhwala ogulitsidwa ndi dokotala, ngati ali ndi madandaulo osatha, amafunafuna njira zachikhalidwe, kenako amakaonana ndi dokotala ngati zizindikiro zikuipiraipira.
Kafukufuku wa anthu azachipatala amathandiza kufotokoza kuti zosankhazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zomveka m'malo ena azachuma. Kupeza zipatala kungakhale kutali, mtengo wake ndi wokwera, maola ochepa ogwirira ntchito, kapena zomwe zidachitika kale kuzipatala sizingakhale zabwino. Pakadali pano, asing'anga achikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osavuta kuwapeza, amapereka upangiri wautali, komanso amagwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chodziwika bwino. Kuyanjana kumeneku kumakhudza kutsatira malamulo ndi kupambana kwa chithandizo.
Zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa thanzi la anthu: umphawi, ntchito, ndi kusalingana
Thanzi si nkhani yongosankha munthu payekha koma imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe zimachitika m'thupi. Anthropology ya zamankhwala imayang'ana kwambiri pa zinthu zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la anthu: maphunziro, ndalama, nyumba, ubwino wa chilengedwe, chitetezo cha ntchito, komanso mfundo za boma.
Mwachitsanzo, matenda opumira angachuluke osati chifukwa cha kusadziwa bwino za munthu aliyense, koma chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, nyumba zodzaza anthu, ndi ntchito zoopsa popanda chitetezo chokwanira. Mofananamo, kusowa zakudya m'thupi nthawi zonse sikuchitika chifukwa cha "kusalabadira kwa makolo," koma chifukwa cha mitengo ya chakudya, kugawa chithandizo chosagwirizana, kapena kuchepa kwa madzi oyera. Njira yogwirira ntchito imafuna kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa mavutowa kuti njira zothandizira zipewe kuimba mlandu ozunzidwa.
Kusala ndi zomwe wodwala akumana nazo
Matenda ambiri amakhala ndi manyazi: HIV/AIDS, matenda amisala, chifuwa chachikulu, khate, komanso kusabereka. Kusala anthu kungalepheretse anthu kufunafuna thandizo, kupangitsa odwala kubisa matenda awo, kapena kusiya kulandira chithandizo. Kafukufuku wa anthu azachipatala amafufuza momwe manyazi amapangidwira kudzera m'nkhani zamakhalidwe abwino—monga, matenda amaonedwa ngati zotsatira za khalidwe “loipa”—ndi momwe manyazi amenewo amagwirira ntchito m'mabanja, m'malo ogwirira ntchito, komanso m'malo osamalira odwala.
Njira yogwirira ntchito limodzi imafuna njira zochepetsera manyazi: maphunziro osaweruza, chinsinsi, chithandizo cha anzawo, komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwa atsogoleri ammudzi. Nkhani zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zikayang'aniridwa, kupambana kwa chithandizo chamankhwala nthawi zambiri kumawonjezeka.
Kulankhulana kwachipatala ndi kukhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe
Ubale wa dokotala ndi wodwala si kungopereka chidziwitso chokha. Ndi msonkhano wa maiko awiri: dziko la zamankhwala ndi chilankhulo chake chaukadaulo ndi njira zake, ndi dziko la odwala ndi zokumana nazo zake, ziyembekezo zake, ndi kutanthauzira kwake. Anthropology ya zamankhwala imagogomezera kufunika kwa luso la chikhalidwe ndipo imakulitsanso malingaliro okhudza kudzichepetsa kwa chikhalidwe, komwe ndi kufunitsitsa kwa akatswiri azaumoyo kuphunzira nthawi zonse, kuzindikira zofooka, ndikulimbikitsa kukambirana kofanana.
Mwachidule, izi zingatanthauze kufunsa kuti: “Mukuganiza kuti n’chiyani chikuyambitsa kudandaula kumeneku?” kapena “N’chiyani chomwe chikukudetsani nkhawa kwambiri?” Mafunso osavuta oterewa amathandiza wopereka chithandizo chamankhwala kumvetsetsa njira yofotokozera ya wodwalayo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dongosolo la chithandizo likhale lothandiza komanso lovomerezeka.
Thanzi monga mgwirizano: thupi, malingaliro, ubale ndi chilengedwe
Njira yogwirira ntchito limodzi imagwirizana ndi malingaliro ambiri am'deralo omwe amaona thanzi ngati njira yolinganiza. Kulinganiza kumeneku kumaphatikizapo njira zogona, zakudya, malingaliro, maubwenzi, komanso kulumikizana kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe. M'mikhalidwe yamakono, kulinganiza kumatanthauzanso kuthana ndi kupsinjika pantchito, kusunga maukonde othandizira, ndikupanga malo okhala ndi moyo wathanzi.
Chifukwa chake, njira zothandizira zaumoyo zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pa mankhwala nthawi zambiri sizikwanira. Mapulogalamu ogwira mtima azaumoyo nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza maphunziro, kusintha kwa chilengedwe, chithandizo cha anthu, ndi mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, kupewa matenda a shuga sikungokhudza "kuchepetsa shuga," komanso kupereka malo otetezeka ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, kupeza zakudya zotsika mtengo, komanso kuwongolera kutsatsa zakudya zokhala ndi shuga wambiri kwa ana.
Zopereka za maphunziro a zachipatala pa mfundo ndi ntchito zaumoyo
Kafukufuku wa anthu azachipatala amathandiza kudzera mu kafukufuku wa mafuko—zowonera ndi kuyankhulana mozama—kumvetsetsa miyoyo ya odwala ndi madera. Zotsatira zake zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mautumiki oyankha bwino: maola ogwirira ntchito osinthasintha, njira zolankhulirana mwachifundo, mapulogalamu azaumoyo ogwirizana ndi anthu ammudzi, kapena kuphatikiza machitidwe otetezeka amderalo muutumiki wovomerezeka.
Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amathandiza kuwunika mfundo zaumoyo: ngati mapulogalamu akukwaniritsadi zosowa za anthu am'deralo, ndani amene amapindula, ndani amene watsala, komanso momwe ubale wa mphamvu umakhudzira kugawa kwa mautumiki. Motero, njira yonse imapitirira kuposa munthu payekha mpaka pamlingo wa dongosolo.
Kutseka
Anthropology ya zamankhwala imatikumbutsa kuti thanzi ndi chinthu chovuta chomwe munthu amakumana nacho. Thupi ndi lofunika, koma nthawi zonse limakhala lokhazikika mu chikhalidwe, ubale wa anthu, zachuma, ndi mfundo. Chifukwa chake, njira yonse si kungowonjezera mankhwala koma ndi kukulitsa momwe timamvetsetsera ndikuchiritsira matenda.
Akatswiri azaumoyo, opanga mfundo, ndi anthu onse akamaona thanzi lonse—kuphatikiza zinthu zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe—timakhala ndi mwayi wopereka chithandizo chachifundo, chogwira ntchito bwino, komanso cholungama. Pomaliza, thanzi silimangokhudza kusakhalapo kwa matenda, komanso kuthekera kokhala ndi moyo wopindulitsa m'malo othandizira.
