Njira Zosindikizira za Lithography za Zojambulajambula
Lithography ndi njira yosindikizira yomwe ili ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri m'dziko la zaluso zojambula. Njirayi imadziwika chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupanga mizere yabwino, kusinthasintha kwa mawu, komanso zilembo zooneka bwino—kuyambira kukanda kofewa mpaka mawonekedwe omveka bwino. Mosiyana ndi njira zosindikizira zopumira monga kudula matabwa kapena kusindikiza kwa intaglio monga kusindikiza, lithography imagwira ntchito pa mfundo yosavuta ya mankhwala: madzi ndi mafuta zimatsutsana. Mfundo imeneyi imakhala maziko a njira yokopera zithunzi papepala, zonse zakuda ndi zoyera komanso zamtundu.
Mbiri Yachidule ya Lithography
Lithography inapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 ndi Alois Senefelder, wolemba komanso wopanga zinthu ku Germany. Poyamba, lithography inayamba ngati njira yobwerezabwereza malemba ndi zithunzi kuti zifalitsidwe chifukwa inali yachangu komanso yotsika mtengo kuposa njira zina zosindikizira panthawiyo. Komabe, patapita nthawi, ojambula ambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito lithography ngati njira yowonetsera zaluso. M'zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20, lithography inakhala yotchuka pakati pa ojambula aku Europe, makamaka pa ma posters, zithunzi, ndi zojambula zochepa. Ojambula monga Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec adadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha ma posters ake a lithographic, omwe anali amphamvu mu kapangidwe ndi mtundu.
Mfundo Zoyambira za Lithography
Chinsinsi cha lithography chili mu mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu zamafuta (mafuta) ndi madzi. Pamwamba pa lithography cliche—nthawi zambiri miyala yamwala kapena mbale yachitsulo monga aluminiyamu—pamakonzedwa mwanjira yoti malo ojambulira chithunzicho “agwire” inki yamafuta, pomwe malo osakhala chithunzicho amaletsa inkiyo chifukwa imasunga madziwo.
Mwachidule, mfundo yake ndi iyi:
- Malo ojambulidwawo amapangidwa ndi zinthu zamafuta (monga makrayoni a lithography kapena inki ya tusche).
– Malo omwe si azithunzi amaonedwa kuti ndi okonda madzi (okonda madzi).
– Pa nthawi yosindikiza, pamwamba pake panyowa ndi madzi kaye kuti malo omwe si chithunzicho atenge madziwo.
– Inki yamafuta imakulungidwa pamwamba; inkiyo imamatira pamalo pomwe pali chithunzi.
Mfundo yosavuta imeneyi imalola wojambula kujambula mwachindunji pamwamba pa mwala/mbale, kotero kujambula mawu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofanana ndi kujambula kuposa njira zina zojambula zomwe zimakhala "zosema" kapena "zosema" mbale.
Zida ndi Zipangizo Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawirikawiri
Mu lithography, zida ndi zipangizo zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:
1. Mwala wa Lithography kapena mbale ya aluminiyamu
Mwala umapereka zosindikizidwa zabwino kwambiri komanso zolimba, koma ndi wolemera ndipo umafunika kukonzedwa. Ma plate a aluminiyamu ndi othandiza kwambiri, opepuka, komanso oyenera ma studio okhala ndi zinthu zochepa.
2. Makrayoni a Lithography ndi tusche
Makrayoni a Lithography amapezeka mu kuuma kosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mizere ikhale yosiyana. Tusche (inki yamadzimadzi) imalola kuti maburashi azisinthasintha, ma gradients, ndi mawonekedwe ake azikhala ochulukirapo.
3. Chingamu cha arabic ndi asidi (etch)
Chisakanizo cha chingamu cha arabic ndi asidi pang'ono (nthawi zambiri nitric acid pamwala kapena yankho lapadera pa mbale) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito "kutseka" chithunzicho pamene malo omwe si chithunzicho amalandira madzi.
4. Choyimbira cha inki (choyimbira/choyimbira)
Kuti muyike inki ya lithography mofanana.
5. Inki ya Lithography
Inki yapadera yokhuthala komanso yamafuta, yomwe imapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana.
6. Makina osindikizira a Lithography
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poika mphamvu kuti inki isamutsidwe papepala. Ma studio ena angagwiritse ntchito makina apadera osindikizira kapena njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito pamanja, ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake zingasiyane.
7. Pepala losindikizira
Kawirikawiri mapepala ojambula abwino kwambiri, monga pepala la thonje kapena pepala lapadera lojambula lomwe limatha kuyamwa inki bwino.
Magawo a Njira Yosindikizira ya Lithography
Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwa njira kutengera studio ndi mtundu wa cliche, magawo oyambira a lithography nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi masitepe otsatirawa:
1. Kukonzekera Pamwamba
Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito miyala, pamwamba pake payenera kupukutidwa ndi kukonzedwa kuti muchotse chithunzi chilichonse chakale ndikukwaniritsa mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna. Pa mbale za aluminiyamu, pamwamba pake payeneranso kukonzedwa kuti mulandire chithunzicho ndi njira zina zamankhwala.
2. Kupanga Zithunzi
Ojambula amajambula mwachindunji pa mwala kapena mbale pogwiritsa ntchito makrayoni a lithographic, mapensulo a lithographic, kapena ma tusches. Pa gawo ili, ufulu wolankhula ndi chimodzi mwa zabwino za lithography, chifukwa ojambula amatha kupanga mizere, kuswa, kukwapula, komanso ngakhale zotsatira za "kutsuka" ngati madzi.
3. Njira Yolembera (Kutseka Zithunzi)
Chithunzicho chikamalizidwa, pamwamba pake pamakhala chitoliro cha gum arabic chosakanizidwa ndi asidi wochuluka. Cholinga chake ndi:
- Imalimbitsa malo a chithunzi kuti chikhale "cholandirira" bwino inki.
- Amapangitsa malo omwe si azithunzi kukhala osavuta kusamba kotero kuti amasunga madzi.
Njirayi iyenera kuchitidwa mosamala chifukwa mphamvu kwambiri ingawononge khalidwe la chithunzi, pomwe yofooka kwambiri ingayambitse inki "kupaka" malo opanda kanthu.
4. Kuchotsa Zithunzi (Kutsuka)
Mu njira zina, chithunzi chamafuta chomwe chimawonekera pamwamba chimatsukidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chosungunulira, koma "zotsalira" zake za mankhwala zimakhalabe mkati, zomwe zimasiya malo ofiira (olandirira inki zochokera ku mafuta). Iyi nthawi zambiri imakhala nthawi yofunika kwambiri mu lithography: chithunzicho chimawoneka ngati chasowa, koma kwenikweni chimasungidwa ndi mankhwala.
5. Kunyowetsa ndi Kuyika Inki
Musanayambe kusindikiza chilichonse, mwala/mbale imanyowa ndi siponji kapena nsalu yonyowa. Madziwo amakhalabe pamalo omwe si a chithunzi. Pambuyo pake, chopukutira inki chimakulungidwa kangapo mpaka inkiyo itagwirana ndi malo omwe ali pachithunzicho.
Kulinganiza madzi ndi inki ndikofunikira kwambiri pa zotsatira zake zomaliza. Madzi ochulukirapo amapangitsa kuti inki ikhale yovuta kumamatira. Madzi ochepa angapangitse inki kutayikira (kutulutsa) m'malo opanda kanthu.
6. Njira Yosindikizira
Pepalalo limayikidwa pa mwala/mbale kenako n’kukanikiza. Kupanikizika koyenera kumasamutsa inki kuchokera pamwamba pa cliche kupita ku pepala. Pambuyo posindikiza, pepalalo limakwezedwa pang’onopang’ono ndi kuumitsidwa. Njira imeneyi imabwerezedwa pa kope lililonse.
Makina Olembera Mitundu ndi Kulembetsa
Lithography si yakuda ndi yoyera yokha. Kuti mupange zojambula zamitundu, pali njira ziwiri zazikulu:
– Mapepala ambiri/miyala yambiri: mtundu uliwonse umagwiritsa ntchito mwala/mbale yosiyana. Pepalalo limasindikizidwa kangapo mu mtundu winawake.
– Kasupe wogawanika / wokutira utoto: mitundu ingapo imayikidwa mu inki imodzi/malo kuti ipange kusintha kwa mitundu, koma kulamulira kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.
Mu lithography ya mitundu, kulembetsa (kuyika bwino mitundu) n'kofunika kwambiri. Ojambula nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zolembera kuti atsimikizire kuti mtundu uliwonse wa mtundu ukugwera pamalo amodzi.
Ubwino ndi Mavuto a Lithography
Zochulukira:
- Makhalidwe a mizere ndi kapangidwe kake ndi okongola kwambiri, zimamveka ngati zojambula pamanja.
- Yoyenera mawonekedwe osalala komanso malo otambalala a tonic.
- Itha kupangidwa m'mabaibulo ochepa komanso abwino nthawi zonse.
Chitantangan:
- Imafuna zida zapadera ndi mankhwala.
- Njirayi ndi yayitali ndipo imafuna kulondola, makamaka kulinganiza bwino inki ya madzi.
– Miyala ya Lithography ndi yolemera ndipo si yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito popanda zipangizo zokwanira.
Lithography mu Machitidwe Amakono Osindikizira
Mu nthawi yamakono, kujambula zithunzi kumakhalabe kofunikira. Ma studio ambiri ojambula zithunzi amaphatikiza kujambula zithunzi ndi njira zina monga kusindikiza pazenera, kujambula zithunzi, komanso zinthu za digito—monga kupanga chithunzi cha digito, kenako n’kuchisamutsira ku mbale ya kujambula zithunzi kuti zisindikizidwe ndi manja. Njira imeneyi imakulitsa mwayi wowoneka bwino pamene ikusunga mawonekedwe apadera a kujambula zithunzi: chithunzi chilichonse chimasunga mawonekedwe ake opangidwa ndi manja.
Kuphatikiza apo, lithography nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa pa ntchito zogwirira ntchito limodzi pakati pa ojambula ndi osindikiza akatswiri (osindikiza apamwamba). Mgwirizanowu umalola kufufuza mwakuya zaukadaulo, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapepala, inki zapadera, ndi kuyesa kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu komwe sikungatheke mosavuta ndi njira zina zosindikizira.
Kutseka
Lithography ili ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri popanga zosindikiza, kuphatikiza kukongola kwa mfundo zamakemikolo ndi ufulu wojambula mwachindunji. Kuyambira mbiri yake monga ukadaulo wobwerezabwereza mpaka ntchito yake ngati njira yowonetsera zaluso, lithography imapereka mwayi waukulu wowonera—pa ntchito zobisika za monochrome komanso mitundu yovuta. Mwa kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira, njira zoyendetsera, ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhudzidwa, ojambula amatha kufufuza lithography ngati njira yolemera, yakale yomwe ikadali yogwira mtima muzochita zamasiku ano zopangira zosindikiza.
