Zojambulajambula zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zosindikizira
Kupanga zosindikiza ndi nthambi ya zaluso zomwe zimagogomezera njira yokopera zithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosindikizira. Mosiyana ndi zojambula chimodzi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wokha, kupanga zosindikiza kumalola ntchito kukhalapo m'makope angapo, pomwe zimasungabe kufunika kwake kwa zaluso chifukwa zimapangidwa kudzera mu njira yamanja yomwe imafuna luso, kulondola, komanso kumvetsetsa zinthuzo. Pakati pa chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa digito, njira zachikhalidwe zosindikizira zikupitirirabe ndipo zikutchukanso, chifukwa zimapereka mawonekedwe apadera: kapangidwe, zizindikiro za zida, zolakwika zomwe kwenikweni ndi ndakatulo, komanso kuzama kwa njira yomwe imamveka "yamoyo."
Zojambulajambula ndi kufunika kwa njira zosindikizira zachikhalidwe
Njira zosindikizira zachikhalidwe popanga zosindikizira zimatanthauza njira zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zinthu zakuthupi, monga matabwa, linoleum, mbale zachitsulo, miyala ya lithography, inki zosindikizira, ndi mapepala apadera. Njirayi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi masitepe ataliatali: kupanga kapangidwe, kukonzekera matrix (njira yosindikizira), kujambula kapena kusindikiza, kutsimikizira (kusindikiza koyesa), kenako kusindikiza pang'onopang'ono mpaka zotsatira zomwe mukufuna zitakwaniritsidwa. Gawo lililonse limafuna zisankho zaluso, osati zaukadaulo zokha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kusindikiza kwachikhalidwe sikumaonedwa ngati njira yobwerezabwereza zithunzi zokha, komanso njira yowonetsera yokhala ndi chilankhulo chake chowoneka.
Kuphatikiza apo, njira zachikhalidwe zakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya kulankhulana ndi zithunzi. Asanayambe kujambula zithunzi ndi makina osindikizira amakono, zithunzi zamabuku, mapositi, mamapu, komanso zojambula zasayansi nthawi zambiri zinkapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosindikizira pamanja. Mwanjira ina, kusindikiza kwachikhalidwe kunathandiza kwambiri pakufalitsa chidziwitso ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Mitundu ya njira zosindikizira zachikhalidwe mu zaluso zojambula
Kawirikawiri, njira zosindikizira zachikhalidwe mu zaluso zojambula zithunzi zitha kugawidwa m'magulu akuluakulu angapo: kusindikiza kwa relief, kusindikiza kwa intaglio, planography, ndi kusindikiza pazenera (serigraphy). Chilichonse chili ndi mfundo zake zogwirira ntchito komanso mawonekedwe ake.
1. Chojambula chokongoletsera: chodula ndi matabwa ndi linocut
Kusindikiza kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi njira yomwe malo osasindikizidwa amakanda kapena kudulidwa, pomwe malo otsalawo amalandira inki ndikusamutsidwira papepala. Njira ziwiri zodziwika bwino m'gululi ndi kudula matabwa/kusema matabwa ndi linocut.
Zojambula zamatabwa zimagwiritsa ntchito chipika cha matabwa ngati matrix. Wojambulayo amajambula chithunzi pamwamba pa matabwa, kenako amasema madera enaake ndi chisel. Zojambula zamatabwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolimba, zolimba mtima, komanso zokhala ndi mawonekedwe, chifukwa njere zamatabwa zimatha kutuluka ngati chinthu chowoneka. Njira imeneyi imapanga mawonekedwe "achilengedwe" komanso ofotokozera. M'mbiri ya zaluso, zojambula zamatabwa zimadziwika kwambiri kudzera mu ntchito zazithunzi za ku Europe zakale komanso za Renaissance, komanso zimapangidwa mkati mwa miyambo yosindikiza yaku Japan monga ukiyo-e.
Linocut imagwiritsa ntchito linoleum m'malo mwa matabwa. Chifukwa chakuti pamwamba pake ndi pofewa komanso sipakhala ulusi wambiri, linocut imalola mizere yopyapyala komanso malo osalala. Njira imeneyi imakondedwa popanga mapangidwe olimba, masewero akuda ndi oyera, kapena zokongoletsera. Masiku ano, linocut nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma posters aluso, zithunzi, ndi zojambula zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
2. Kusindikiza kwa Intaglio: kupeta, kulemba, ndi malo ouma
Mosiyana ndi kusindikiza kwa intaglio, kusindikiza kwa intaglio kumagwira ntchito mosiyana: inki imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo ojambulidwa kapena ojambulidwa (ma indentations) pa mbale. Pamwamba pa mbaleyo imatsukidwa, kenako pepalalo limakanizidwa mwamphamvu kuti inki isamutsidwe kuchokera ku indentations. Zosindikiza za Intaglio nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi tsatanetsatane wambiri, zimakhala ndi kuya kwa mawu, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mizere yopyapyala.
Kujambula ndi njira yojambulira mbale zachitsulo (nthawi zambiri zamkuwa kapena zinc) pogwiritsa ntchito burin. Mizere yomwe imachokera ndi yosalala komanso yolondola, yoyenera pazinthu zovuta komanso mawonekedwe akale.
Kudula pogwiritsa ntchito asidi "kuluma" m'malo owonekera a mbale. Wojambulayo amaphimba mbaleyo ndi nthaka (gawo loteteza), amajambula ndi singano yodula kuti awonetse gawolo, kenako amaviika mbaleyo mu yankho la asidi. Njira imeneyi imalola ufulu wa manja chifukwa chithunzicho chimapangidwa ngati chojambula mwachindunji.
Drypoint imapanga mzere wolunjika wopanda asidi, ndikupanga mizere yomwe imakhala yofewa komanso yonga nthenga (burr), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yokongola komanso yokongola. Komabe, burr imawonongeka mosavuta, kotero chiwerengero cha ma prints nthawi zambiri chimakhala chochepa.
3. Kujambula mapulaneti (kujambula mapulaneti): kujambula mawu
Lithography imagwira ntchito pa mfundo yakuti mafuta ndi madzi sizisakanikirana. Mwachikhalidwe, lithography imagwiritsa ntchito miyala yamchere. Wojambulayo amajambula pamwala ndi makrayoni amafuta kapena inki yapadera. Kenako mwalawo umakonzedwa ndi mankhwala kuti mbali zina za chithunzicho zivomereze inki, pomwe mbali zina zimachotsa inkiyo poyamwa madzi.
Ubwino wa lithography ndi kuthekera kwake kujambula chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi manja: ma gradations, ma crayon strikes, ndi ma tonal nuances osavuta kumva. Lithography imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ma posters a zaluso, zithunzi, ndi ntchito zomwe zimafuna kujambulidwa bwino. Ngakhale kuti njirayi ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo imafuna malo apadera, lithography ikadali imodzi mwa njira zosindikizira zachikhalidwe "zaluso" pankhani ya kusinthasintha kwa mawonekedwe.
4. Kusindikiza pazenera (serigraphy): chophimba cha silika chachikhalidwe
Kusindikiza siketi ya silika kumagwiritsa ntchito gauze (yomwe kale inkatchedwa silika) yotambasulidwa pa chimango. Malo omwe inki siyenera kudutsa amaphimbidwa ndi emulsion kapena stencil, pomwe malo omwe amawonekera amalola inki kukanikizidwa papepala kapena nsalu pogwiritsa ntchito squeegee.
Serigraphy imadziwika ndi mitundu yake yolimba, malo athyathyathya, komanso kuthekera kosindikiza pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nsalu. Mu zaluso zamakono, serigraphy nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma posters, graphic design, komanso art pop. Ngakhale kuti mitundu ya digito ilipo tsopano, serigraphy yachikhalidwe imasungabe kukongola kwake chifukwa cha kulamulira inki pamanja, zigawo zamitundu, komanso kuthekera koyesa kapangidwe ndi kuwonekera bwino.
Kukongola ndi kukongola kwa ntchito zaluso zachikhalidwe
Kupanga zosindikiza zachikhalidwe kuli ndi mawonekedwe apadera omwe ndi ovuta kubwereza ndi kusindikiza kwa digito. Choyamba, pali "zotsatira za njira" zowoneka: kupanikizika kwa kukanikiza, makulidwe a inki, kapena kapangidwe ka matrix. Chachiwiri, chosindikizira chilichonse nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi kusiyana pang'ono, makamaka m'njira monga kudula matabwa kapena drypoint. Kusiyana kumeneku kumapangitsa chosindikizira chilichonse kumveka ngati chapadera, ngakhale kuti chimachokera ku matrix yomweyo.
Kuphatikiza apo, makope osindikizidwa mwachikhalidwe alinso ndi njira yowerengera manambala ndi kutsimikizira. Ojambula nthawi zambiri amasaina ndikulemba manambala kope (monga 3/25), kusonyeza dongosolo losindikiza mkati mwa chiwerengero chonse cha makope. Izi zimawonjezera phindu losonkhanitsidwa ndipo zimagogomezera malire opanga, mosiyana ndi kuchulukitsa kopanda malire.
Kufunika kwa njira zachikhalidwe mu nthawi ya digito
Mu nthawi ya mapangidwe apakompyuta ndi makina osindikizira apamwamba, njira zosindikizira zachikhalidwe zimapereka njira ina yomwe imayendetsa liwiro la ukadaulo. Achinyamata ambiri ojambula akubwerera ku zojambula, zojambula, kapena zojambula za serigraphy, kufunafuna njira yocheperako komanso yosinkhasinkha. Njira zachikhalidwe zimalimbikitsanso kuyesa: njira zosakaniza, kuyika zosindikizira, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilendo monga mapepala opangidwa ndi manja, nsalu, ndi malo obwezerezedwanso.
Kuphatikiza apo, kubwereranso kwa magulu azithunzi, misonkhano, ndi ziwonetsero zosindikizira kukuwonetsa kuti njira zachikhalidwe zikadali zofunika kwambiri. Sikuti ndi kungokumbukira zakale zokha, koma ndi chisankho chokongola komanso njira yolenga: kulemekeza zipangizo, kulimbikitsa luso, ndikuvomereza njirayi ngati gawo la tanthauzo.
Kutseka
Kupanga zosindikiza pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zosindikizira ndi umboni wakuti zaluso sizimafuna nthawi zonse kukhutiritsa nthawi yomweyo. Kuyambira zojambula zamatabwa zowoneka bwino ndi ma intaglios atsatanetsatane ndi lithography yokongola mpaka serigraphy yolimba komanso yokongola, njira zachikhalidwe zimapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilankhulo zowoneka. Kumbuyo kwa tsamba lililonse losindikizidwa kuli zisankho zingapo zaluso, ntchito zamanja, komanso kukambirana kwakukulu ndi zinthuzo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kupanga zosindikiza zachikhalidwe kumakhala kofunikira: kumapereka zapadera, luso, komanso chidziwitso chowoneka chomwe sichingasinthidwe mosavuta ndi ukadaulo, pomwe nthawi yomweyo kumatsegula mwayi wopanda malire wopanga kwa ojambula m'mibadwo yonse.
