Pūnaha Tuku Raraunga Muka Whatu
Ko te pūnaha tuku raraunga muka-whatu he hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e whakamahi ana i te mārama hei reo mō te tuku mōhiohio mā roto i ngā taura muka-whatu. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā reo tuku iho pērā i ngā waea parahi, ngā ngaru reo irirangi rānei, he nui rawa te kaha o te whānui o te hononga o te muka-whatu, he iti te whakaiti (ngaronga), ā, he pai ake te ātete ki te pokanoa hikohiko. Nā ēnei painga, ko te muka-whatu te pou tuara o ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hou, mai i ngā whatunga tāone me te ao ki te urunga ipurangi kāinga (FTTH/FTTx) me ngā hononga pokapū raraunga.
1. Te Whakamārama me te Mātāpono Mahi o te Muka Whatu
He muka whatu he muka karāhe, he muka kirihou rānei te whānui, he mea hanga hei tuku i te mārama mai i tētahi pūwāhi ki tētahi atu pūwāhi. Ko te kaupapa matua e taea ai te "whakauru" i te mārama ki roto i te muka ko te whakaata ā-roto katoa. Ko te muka whatu te tikanga he rua ngā paparanga matua:
1. Matua: te wāhanga o waenganui o te muka he teitei ake te taupū whakaata.
2. Taupoki (hipoki): he paparanga e karapoti ana i te uho me te taupū whakaata iti iho.
Nā te rerekētanga o te taupū whakaata i waenga i te matua me te uhi ka puta te mārama e tomo mai ana i tētahi koki motuhake kia whakaata tonu i roto i te matua tae noa ki te pito o te muka. I roto i ngā pūnaha tuku raraunga, kāore te mārama e "moemo" noa, engari ka whakarerekētia hei kawe i ngā mōhiohio matihiko i roto i te āhua o ngā moka 0 me te 1.
2. Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Pūnaha Tuku muka whatu
Ko te pūnaha tuku raraunga muka-whatu e toru ngā wāhanga matua: he tuku, he reo tuku (muka), me te kaiwhiwhi. Heoi, i roto i ngā whatunga tawhiti, ka tāpirihia hoki ngā whakakaha tohu, ngā taputapu whakaora rānei.
a. Tuku (Tuku Whatu)
Ka hurihia e te tuku hiko ngā tohu hiko (pērā i ngā raraunga mai i te pouara, i te pana rānei) hei tohu whatu. Ko ngā wāhanga nui o te taha tuku hiko ko:
– Pūtake mārama: he rama LED, he rama taiaho rānei te nuinga. He mea noa ake ngā rama taiaho mō ngā whakamahinga tawhiti nā te mea he kaha ake, he pumau hoki.
– Ngā taraiwa me ngā kaiwhakarerekē: ngā ara iahiko e whakahaere ana i te mārama hei tohu i ngā raraunga matihiko. Ka taea te whakahaere i te whakarerekētanga kia māmā noa iho pērā i te pēhi i te pātene whakakā-whakaweto (te tahuri me te whakaweto i te taiaho), he uaua ake rānei i roto i ngā pūnaha tere-tino.
– Ngā hononga me ngā hononga: kia tino uru te mārama ki te matua muka.
b. Pāpāho Tuku (Muka Whatu)
Ko te muka whatu te ara ā-tinana e kawe ana i te mārama. I roto i te mahi, he parenga ā-ringa kei ngā taura muka whatu hei tu atu i te taumahatanga, te makuku, me te ahotea taiao. Ko ngā momo muka e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Muka aratau-kotahi (SMF): matua iti rawa (tata ki te 8–10 µm), e tika ana mō ngā tawhiti roa me te whānui o te hononga.
– Muka Aratau-maha (MMF): he matua nui ake (tata ki te 50/62,5 µm), he mea noa mō ngā tawhiti poto pēnei i roto i ngā whare, i ngā pokapū raraunga rānei.
c. Kaiwhiwhi (Kaiwhiwhi Whatu)
I te pito whiwhi, ka hurihia te tohu whatu hei tohu hiko. Ngā wāhanga matua:
– Pūoko whakaahua (photodiode): pērā i te PIN photodiode, te APD rānei (avalanche photodiode) e huri ana i te mārama hei iahiko hiko.
– Whakakaha me te whakaōrite: ka whakapakari i ngā tohu hiko ngoikore, ka whakaiti hoki i te whakapōturitanga.
– Te whakaora karaka me te raraunga: ka whakarite i ngā wā kia tika ai te pānui i ngā moka.
d. Whakakaha me te Whakaora (Mō te Tawhiti)
I ngā tawhiti tino tawhiti, ka ngoikore te tohu nā te ngoikore me te whakapōturi. E rua ngā huarahi:
– Ngā whakakaha whatu pērā i te EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier), e whakakaha ana i ngā tohu whatu me te kore e hiahiatia he huringa hiko.
– Kaiwhakahou (OEO): ka huri i te whatu-ki-hiko, ka whakatika i te tohu, kātahi ka huri anō i te hiko-ki-whatu. He uaua ake tēnei tikanga engari ka whakapai ake i te kounga tohu whānui.
3. Te Tukanga Tuku Raraunga i roto i te Muka Whatu
Ka taea te whakamārama i te rere taketake o te tuku raraunga muka whatu penei:
1. Ka uru ngā raraunga matihiko mai i te taputapu whatunga ki te waeine tukuwhiti.
2. Ka hurihia e te tuku raraunga hiko hei pāorooro mārama.
3. Ka haere ngā pāorooro mārama mā roto i te muka, ka whakaatahia ki roto, ā, ka pāngia e te ngoikore i te tawhiti.
4. I te pito whiwhi, ka hopukina e te photodiode ngā pāorooro mārama ka hurihia hei tohu hiko.
5. Ka wetewetehia e te taputapu whiwhi ngā moka hei raraunga tukatuka.
Hei whakarite i te pono o te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, kua rite te pūnaha ki ngā tikanga waehere, tukutahitanga, me te whakatika hapa, inā koa mō ngā tuku raraunga tawhiti-teitei.
4. Ngā Tawhā Mahi Pūnaha Muka Whatu
Ko te angitu o tētahi pūnaha tuku muka whatu ka whakatauhia e ētahi tawhā hangarau matua:
a. Te Whānuitanga me te Tere Raraunga
Ka taea e te muka whatu te kawe i ngā tere raraunga tino teitei. I roto i ngā whatunga hou, ka taea e te kaha te eke ki ngā tekau ki ngā rau gigabits ia hekona mō ia hongere, tae atu ki ngā terabits mēnā ka whakamahia ngā tikanga whakarea.
b. Te whakaitiiti
Ko te whakaitiititanga ko te whakaiti i te mana tohu whatu i runga i te muka. Ko te waeine e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te dB/km. Ka taea e ngā muka aratau-kotahi o ēnei rā te whakaitiititanga tata ki te 0,2 dB/km i ētahi roangaru (hei tauira, 1550 nm), e āhei ai rātou ki te haere i ngā tawhiti roa i mua i te hiahia kia whakanuia.
c. Te mararatanga
Mā te marara ka whānui ake ngā pāorooro mārama i a rātou e haere ana, ka taea ai e ngā moka te taupatupatu (te pokanoa i waenga i ngā tohu). Ko ngā momo marara ko:
– Te mararatanga o te tae: nā te rerekētanga o te tere horapa mō ngā roangaru rerekē.
– Te marara aratau: te nuinga i roto i te muka maha-aratau nā te maha o ngā aratau horapa.
– Te mararatanga aratau pōraihana: te pānga o ngā rerekētanga pōraihana, e kitea nuitia ana i ngā tawhiti roa me ngā tere raraunga teitei.
d. Te Auau Hapa Moka (BER)
Ko te BER te ōwehenga o ngā hapa moka ki te maha o ngā moka e tukuna ana. He tino iti te BER o tētahi pūnaha pai. Hei pupuri i te BER, ka whakamahia ngā tikanga whakanui tika, te utu whakamarara, me te whakatika hapa.
5. Ngā Tikanga Whakarea i roto i te Muka Whatu
Hei whakanui ake i te kaha, ka whakamahia e ngā muka whatu te multiplexing, arā, te whakakotahi i ngā tohu maha ki roto i te muka kotahi.
a. WDM (Whakareatanga Wehenga Roangaru)
Mā te WDM ka taea te tuku i ngā roangaru maha (ngā tae o te mārama) i runga i te muka kotahi i te wā kotahi. Ko tētahi putanga matotoru ake ko te DWDM, ka taea te kawe i ngā tekau ki ngā rau hongere.
b. TDM (Whakarea Wehenga Wā)
Ka kohikohia e te TDM ngā raraunga mā te wehewehe i te wā tuku ki ngā mokowā. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei tikanga i roto i ngā pūnaha matihiko, tae atu ki te taumata kawa.
Mā te whakakotahitanga o te WDM me te hangarau whakanui whatu ka taea e te whatunga tuara o te ipurangi te kawe i ngā waka nui rawa atu me te tino whai hua.
6. Ngā Painga me ngā Wero o te muka whatu
Keunggulan
1. Te kaha nui: he pai mō ngā hiahia raraunga o ēnei rā pēnei i te rerema, te kapua, me te AI.
2. He iti te whakaiti: ka roa pea te tawhiti tuku me te iti o te whakakaha.
3. Ārai i te EMI: kāore e ngāwari te whakararuraru i ngā mara hikohiko, he rerekē ki ngā taura parahi.
4. Haumarutanga pai ake: he uaua ake te hopu waea nā te mea kāore e tukuna he tohu hikohiko nui.
5. He iti te rahi me te taumaha: he mama ake, he kiato ake mō te kaha ōrite.
Wero
1. Ngā utu tāutanga tuatahi: me haumi me te tohungatanga te whakatakotoranga o ngā taura me ngā taputapu whatu.
2. Te pakarukaru o te muka: ka pakarukaru pea te matua karāhe mēnā kāore i te tiakina tika.
3. Te honohono me ngā hononga: me tino tika te honohono muka hei whakaiti i te ngaronga.
4. Ngā taputapu whakamātautau motuhake: pērā i te OTDR hei tātaritanga i ngā hapa i roto i ngā raina muka.
7. Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Pūnaha Tuku muka whatu
E whakamahia ana te muka whatu i roto i ngā momo mara, tae atu ki:
– He whatunga tuara o ngā kaiwhakahaere waea whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i ngā tāone me ngā whenua.
– Ngā taura o raro moana e hono ana i ngā whenua.
– FTTH/FTTx mō te urunga ipurangi ki te kāinga me te tari.
– He hononga pokapū raraunga hei hono i ngā pokapū raraunga me te iti o te whakaroa.
– Ngā whatunga ahumahi me ngā pūoko i roto i ngā taiao he nui te pokanoa hikohiko.
I tēnei ao o te panonitanga matihiko, kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia mō ngā hononga tere, pumau, me te kaha nui. Ko te muka whatu te otinga matua hei whakatutuki i ēnei hiahia.
Whakamutunga
Ka mahi ngā pūnaha tuku raraunga muka-whatu mā te huri i ngā raraunga hiko hei tohu mārama, ka tukuna mā roto i te muka mā te whakaata ā-roto, kātahi ka hurihia anō hei tohu hiko i te pito whiwhi. Ko ngā painga o te muka whatu—he whānui te whānui, he iti te whakaiti, me te ātete ki te pokanoa—he tūāpapa nui mō te ipurangi hou. Ahakoa he wero pēnei i ngā utu tāutanga me te hiahia mō ngā tohunga hangarau mohio, he nui ngā painga mō te wā roa, inā koa ko te tautoko i te tipu o ngā ratonga matihiko, ngā whatunga 5G/6G, te rorohiko kapua, me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ao e piki haere ana.
