Ngā taputapu mō ngā whatunga 5G
Pendahuluan
Mō te hononga ahokore hou, ko te 5G tētahi o ngā hangarau rongonui o ēnei rā. Ehara i te mea ka whakaratohia he tere ipurangi tino tere anake, engari ka whakatutukihia hoki ngā hiahia whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā muri ake nei mā te tuku i te iti o te whakaroa me te kaha ki te hono i ngā miriona taputapu i te wā kotahi. Heoi, kia tutuki ai ēnei mea katoa, he mea nui te hanganga taputapu e tautoko ana i te 5G. Ka ruku hohonu ake tēnei tuhinga ki ngā taputapu matua e hiahiatia ana mō te whatunga 5G, me te tirotiro i ōna wāhanga matua me ā rātou mahi.
Ngā Teihana Tūāpapa
He wāhanga matua te teihana turanga o te whatunga pūkoro, ā, mō te 5G, ka nui haere te hiranga me te uaua o tēnei taputapu. Ko te teihana turanga i roto i te whatunga 5G e mōhiotia ana ko te gNodeB (gNB), koia te kawenga mō te whakahaere i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga kōrero i waenga i ngā taputapu kaiwhakamahi me te whatunga matua 5G.
E rua ngā wāhanga o te gNodeB: te Wāhanga Matua (CU) me te Wāhanga Tohatoha (DU). He maha ngā mahi whakahaere e whakahaerehia ana e te CU, ko te DU ia e whakahaere ana i ngā mahi tukatuka raraunga. Me āhei hoki te teihana turanga ki te tautoko i te whānuitanga o ngā whānuitanga o ngā auau, tae atu ki ngā auau ngaru iti, waenga, me te ngaru mirimita (mmWave).
Pūihi MIMO (Tāuru Maha Putanga Maha)
He hangarau te MIMO e āhei ai te tuku me te whiwhi i ngā tohu maha i waenga i te teihana turanga me te taputapu kaiwhakamahi. He wāhanga nui ngā pūihi MIMO o ngā whatunga 5G nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakamahi i te whānuitanga o te irahiko me te whakanui ake i te kaha me ngā tere raraunga.
E rua ngā momo matua o ngā pūihi MIMO e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whatunga 5G:
1. MIMO Nui: He maha atu ngā pūihi i ngā MIMO noa, ā, ka tae atu ki ngā rau pūihi. Mā tēnei ka nui ake te kaha o te whatunga me te whakaiti i te pokanoa.
2. Te Hanga Hiko: Te hangarau e tuku ana i ngā tohu ahokore ki ngā pūrere motuhake a te kaiwhakamahi, e whakapiki ana i te pai me te kapinga o te tohu.
Ngā Pūtau Iti
I roto i ngā whatunga 5G, he mea nui te mahi a ngā pūtau iti ki te whakanui ake i te kaha me te kapinga o te whatunga, inā koa i ngā wāhi he nui te hunga whakamahi, pērā i ngā tāone nui. Ko ngā pūtau iti he teihana turanga iti-mana e kapi ana i tētahi wāhi iti, e mahi tahi ana me ngā pūtau nui (ngā teihana turanga matua kaha-teitei) hei whakarato i te kapinga me te kaha e tika ana.
He maha ngā momo pūtau iti e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā whatunga 5G:
1. Ngā pūtau femto: Whakamahia mō te kapinga o roto, e mahi ana ki ngā kaiwhakamahi maha.
2. Ngā Picocell: He whānui ake te wāhi e whakamahia ana, ā, he pai mō ngā whare arumoni.
3. Ngā pūtau iti: Ka kapi i tētahi wāhi whānui ake i ngā pūtau femto me ngā pūtau piko, engari he iti ake i ngā pūtau nui.
Ngā Pūrere Rorohiko Nui o te IoT me te Edge
Ehara i te mea ko te tere me te kaha raraunga anake te kaupapa o te 5G, engari ko te tautoko hoki i te maha o ngā taputapu Ipurangi o ngā Mea (IoT). Me kaha te hanganga whatunga ki te whakahaere i te whānuitanga o ngā taputapu me ngā tono IoT me te tino whai hua. Ko ngā taputapu e tautoko ana i te IoT nui ko ngā pūoko, ngā kaiwhakahaere, me ngā waeine whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kua hangaia hei mahi me ngā whatunga 5G.
Ko te rorohiko taha tētahi atu hangarau e pā tata ana ki te 5G, e tata ana te tukatuka raraunga ki te pūtake raraunga (i te taha) kaua ki roto i tētahi pokapū raraunga mamao. E hiahiatia ana ngā tūmau taha me ngā kēti taha hei whakaiti i te whakaroa me te whakahohe i te urupare wā-tūturu. Ko ētahi o ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana mō te rorohiko taha ko:
1. Ngā Tūmau Tapa: Ngā rorohiko mahi-teitei e whakanohoia ana ki te taha o ngā wāhi o ngā kaiwhakamahi hei tere ake i te tukatuka raraunga.
2. Ngā Kūaha Tapa: Ngā taputapu e whakarite ana i te hononga i waenga i ngā taputapu IoT me ngā tūmau tapa, me te tātari me te kohikohi raraunga i mua i te tukunga atu.
Pūmārō Whatunga Matua
Ko te whatunga matua te roro o te pūnaha 5G katoa, e whakahaerehia ai ngā mahi whakahaere me te whakahaere maha. He ngāwari ake, he pai ake hoki te hanganga o te whatunga matua 5G i ōna mua, e kiia ana ko te Network Function Virtualization (NFV) me te Software-Defined Networking (SDN).
Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o te taputapu whatunga matua 5G ko:
1. Ngā Pokapū Raraunga: Ngā pokapū raraunga nunui, matatau hoki e whakarato ana i te hanganga ā-tinana hei pupuri i ngā tūmau me ngā taputapu rokiroki e hiahiatia ana e te whatunga matua.
2. Ngā Pouara me ngā Pana: Mā ēnei taputapu e whakahaere te rere o ngā raraunga i waenga i ngā wāhanga whatunga rerekē, kia tino tae atu ai ngā raraunga ki tōna ūnga.
3. Pātūahi me ngā Taputapu Haumarutanga: He mea nui te tiaki i te whatunga mai i ngā tūmomo riri me ngā whakaeke hei pupuri i te pono o ngā raraunga me te pumau o te whatunga.
4. Hanganga Kapua: He maha ngā mahi whatunga matua 5G e whakahaerehia ana i runga i ngā tūāpapa kapua kia nui ake ai te ngāwari. He mea nui ngā taputapu kapua-ā-kapua pērā i ngā tūmau mata me te rokiroki nui.
Ngā Whatunga Whakamuri me te Kawe
He wāhanga nui ngā whatunga backhaul me te kawe raraunga o te hanganga 5G, e hono ana i ngā teihana turanga ki te whatunga matua, ā, e whakarite ana ka taea te neke raraunga i ngā tere tino teitei. Ko ngā wāhanga matua o te whatunga backhaul ko:
1. Ngā Taura Muka Whatu: Ka whakamahia ngā taura muka whatu hei hono i ngā momo huānga whatunga, ā, he tino tere te whakawhiti raraunga me te iti o te whakaroa.
2. Ngā Hononga Ngaruiti: Hei huarahi kē atu ki te muka whatu i ngā wāhi kāore e taea te hono taura. Mā te hangarau ngaruiti hou ka taea te tautoko i te 5G backhaul.
3. Ngā Pana me ngā Pūwhakakotahi: Ngā taputapu e whakahaere ana i ngā rerenga raraunga e haere mai ana i ngā teihana turanga rerekē i mua i te tuku atu ki te whatunga matua.
Pūrere Taputapu
Haunga ngā taputapu whatunga matua, he maha ngā taputapu tāpiri he wāhanga nui o te pūnaha 5G. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā taputapu kaiwhakamahi mutunga pēnei i ngā waea atamai, ngā papa, me ngā taputapu IoT motuhake. Me whai wāhi ēnei taputapu ki ngā pouwhanga me ngā pūihi 5G kia tino whakamahia ai ngā painga o ngā whatunga 5G.
Ko ngā waea atamai 5G hou he mea whakamahi i ngā maramara e tautoko ana i te auautanga 5G me ngā pūihi kua hangaia hei whakanui ake i te whiwhinga tohu. Kua whakatinanahia hoki ngā hangarau pēnei i te whakakotahitanga kaikawe me te tiritiri auautanga hihiri hei whakapai ake i te mahi me te whai huatanga o ēnei taputapu.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā whatunga 5G he hua o te whakakotahitanga o ngā hangarau matatau me ngā taputapu e mahi tahi ana. Mai i ngā teihana turanga mahi-teitei ki ngā taputapu kaiwhakamahi mutunga, he mea nui te mahi a ia wāhanga ki te whakatutuki i te tirohanga mō te hononga tere ake, pono ake, me te whai hua ake.
He mea nui te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga katoa o ngā taputapu e tautoko ana i ngā whatunga 5G, ehara i te mea mō ngā tohunga hangarau mōhiohio me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero anake, engari mō ngā kaihoko hoki e hiahia ana ki te mārama ki te pānga o tēnei hangarau ki ō rātou oranga. Mā te taputapu tika me te auahatanga tonu, ka waiho te 5G hei tūāpapa mō te hurihanga matihiko e whai ake nei.
