Tikanga Kimi Hapa: Te Pupuri i te Pono o ngā Raraunga i roto i ngā Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
Pendahuluan
I te tere o te tipu o te hangarau me ngā whakawhitiwhitinga matihiko, kāore e taea te whakanui rawa i te hiranga o te pupuri i te pono o ngā raraunga. I roto i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhitinga katoa, ahakoa he tuku raraunga mā te whatunga rorohiko, he rokiroki raraunga matihiko, he tuku tohu rānei i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga waea, he mea nui te whakarite kia ōrite tonu ngā raraunga i whiwhihia ki ngā raraunga i tukuna. Ko ngā tikanga kimi hapa te poutokomanawa o te pupuri i tēnei pono o ngā raraunga, he mea nui ki te pumau me te pono o te nuinga o ngā hangarau e whakamahia ana e tātou i ēnei rā.
Te Hiranga o te Kimi Hapa
Ka puta pea ngā hapa i roto i te tuku raraunga i ngā momo āhuatanga, tae atu ki te pokanoa hikohiko, te pokanoa tohu, te rahunga taputapu, ngā hapa rānei i roto i te pāpāho tuku. Ka taea e ēnei hapa te huri i te ahua, te ngaro, te tāpiri rānei i ngā moka. Ki te kore he tikanga tika hei kite i ēnei hapa, ka pirau pea ngā raraunga kua tukuna, ā, ka puta he hapa nui i roto i ngā tono e whakawhirinaki ana ki a ia. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakararu i ngā whakawhiti kōnae, ngā whakawhitiwhitinga tūmau-ki-tūmau, tae atu ki ngā mahi pūtea.
Ngā Momo Hapa i roto i ngā Raraunga
1. Hapa Moka Kotahi
Ka puta he hapa moka-kotahi ina huri te moka raraunga kotahi mai i te 0 ki te 1, i te ritenga kē rānei. Koinei te hapa māmā rawa ki te kitea me te whakatika.
2. Ngā Hapa Pakū
Ka puta ngā hapa pakū ina he hapa tētahi rōpū o ngā moka karapīpiti o te raraunga. Ka rerekē te roa o ēnei pakū, ā, he uaua ake te kite me te whakatika i ngā hapa moka-kotahi.
3. Ngā Hapa Whakahoki
Ko te hapa tāruarua he momo hapa e puta pinepine ana i te tūranga moka kotahi i roto i ngā poraka raraunga maha.
Ngā Tikanga Kimi Hapa
1. Tirotiro Taurite
Ko te tikanga tirotiro ōritetanga he tikanga taketake mō te kimi hapa moka-kotahi. Ko te moka ōritetanga he moka tāpiri kua tāpirihia ki tētahi huinga moka hei whakarite kia ōrite te maha o ngā 1 i roto i te huinga (ōrite ōrite) he ōrite rerekē rānei (ōrite rerekē). Ina whiwhi raraunga, ka tatau te pūnaha i te maha o ngā 1, ā, ka manatoko kei te ōrite ki te ōritetanga e tumanakohia ana. Mena ka kitea he rerekētanga, kua puta he hapa.
He tauira māmā: mēnā he raraunga 1101 tā tātou, ā, kei te whakamahi i te ōritetanga taurite, ka tāpirihia he moka tāpiri kia 11011 te raraunga kua tukuna (e whā ngā moka 1, he tau ōrite). Mēnā ko te raraunga kua riro mai he 11001 (e toru ngā moka 1, he tau tauhou), ka kitea he hapa.
2. Tātaitai
He tikanga matatau ake te tātari hapa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kawa whatunga. Ka wehea ngā raraunga ki ngā wāhanga, ā, ka tatauhia te uara katoa o ia wāhanga (tātaitai). Ka tukuna tēnei tātari me ngā raraunga. Kātahi ka tatau te kaiwhiwhi i te tātari o ngā raraunga i whiwhihia, ka whakataurite ki te tātari i whiwhihia. Mena he rerekētanga, ka kitea he hapa.
He whai hua ake tēnei tikanga mō te kite i ngā momo hapa tae atu ki ngā hapa pakū.
3. Tirotiro Tauwhiro Hurihuri (CRC)
Ko te CRC tētahi o ngā tikanga rongonui mō te kimi hapa i roto i te tuku raraunga. Ka whakamahia e tēnei tikanga tētahi pūnaha pāngarau uaua ake, e tirohia ai ngā raraunga hei pūrau rua, kātahi ka wehea e te pūrau whakaputa. Ko te hua o tēnei wehenga he toenga, e mōhiotia ana ko te waehere CRC.
Ina tukuna ngā raraunga me te waehere CRC, ka mahi te kaiwhiwhi i tētahi wehenga ōrite. Mēnā kāore he toenga e puta mai i te wehenga, ka tika te whiwhinga o ngā raraunga. Ki te kore, kua kitea he hapa.
4. Waehere Hamming
He tikanga te waehere Hamming e whakamahia ana, ehara i te mea hei kimi noa i ngā hapa moka-kotahi engari hei whakatika hoki i ngā hapa. Mā te tāpiri i tētahi moka ōrite ki tētahi tūranga motuhake i roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā moka raraunga, ka taea e te kaiwhiwhi te whakatau i te tūranga tika o te moka hē. Hei tauira, ka hurihia e te waehere 7,4 Hamming ngā moka raraunga e 4 ki te 7 moka mā te whakakotahi i ngā moka ōrite e 3.
Mena ka puta he hapa i tētahi o ngā moka, ka taea e te kaiwhiwhi te tautuhi wawe me te whakatika mā te whakamahi i ēnei moka tauhou.
5. Te Ture a Reed-Solomon
Ko te Reed-Solomon Code he tikanga kimi me te whakatika hapa e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti matihiko e hiahia ana kia nui te manawanui ki ngā hapa. Ko tēnei tikanga e tohuhia ana e te whakamahinga o te pūrau i runga i ngā moka maha, e taea ai te kimi me te whakatika i ngā hapa pakū roa.
Te Whakataurite i ngā Tikanga Kimi Hapa
| Tikanga | Ngā Painga | Ngā Huakore |
|——–|—————|————-|
| Tirotiro Taurite | Māmā, tere, ā, he pai te whakamahi rauemi. | He whai hua anake mō te kimi hapa moka-kotahi. |
| Tirotiro | He pakari ake i te ōritetanga, ka kitea he whānuitanga o ngā hapa tae atu ki ngā pakū. | Kāore e taea te whakatika i ngā hapa, engari ka kitea noa iho. |
| CRC | Tino whai hua ki te kite i ngā hapa moka-kotahi me ngā hapa pakū. | Me nui ake te uaua o te tatau i te checksum. |
| Waehere Hamming | Ka taea te kite me te whakatika i ngā hapa moka-kotahi. | He nui ake te utu whakahaere nā te tāpiri o te moka ōrite. |
| Reed-Solomon Code | Ka taea te kite me te whakatika i ngā hapa maha i roto i tētahi poraka raraunga. | He uaua ake, ā, me nui ake te tatau. |
Te Whakamahinga i roto i te Oranga o Ia Rā
E whakamahia ana ngā tikanga kimi hapa i roto i ngā āhuatanga maha o te oranga o ia rā. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga waea pūkoro, ka whakamahia ngā CRC hei whakarite kia kore ngā tohu e whiwhihia e pakaru. I roto i ngā whatunga rorohiko, ka inehia ngā mōkihi raraunga kua tukuna mā te whakamahi i ngā checksum me ngā CRC hei whakarite i tō rātou pono. Ahakoa i roto i ngā pāpāho rokiroki pēnei i ngā CD me ngā DVD, ka whakamahia ngā Waehere Reed-Solomon hei whakatika i ngā hapa i puta mai i ngā karawarawa, i ngā kino tinana rānei ki te kōpae.
Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui ngā tikanga kimi hapa o ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hou. Mā te whakamahi i ngā momo tikanga, mai i ngā tirotiro ōrite ngāwari ki ngā waehere Reed-Solomon uaua, ka taea te whakarite i te pono o ngā raraunga ahakoa ngā raruraru o te tuku me te rokiroki. Ko te mārama me te whakatinana tika i ēnei tikanga he taahiraa nui hei whakarite kia mau tonu te pono me te whai hua o ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mamati, me te karo i ngā raruraru ka puta mai i ngā hapa raraunga. I roto i te ao e piki haere ana te whakawhirinaki ki te hangarau mōhiohio, kāore e taea te whakaiti i te tūranga o ngā tikanga kimi hapa.
