Te Whakamunatanga i roto i ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
Pendahuluan
Kua noho te whakamunatanga hei pou nui mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o ēnei rā. Nā te pikinga ake o tō tātou whakawhirinaki ki te hangarau mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, kua tino piki ake hoki te hiahia mō te haumarutanga raraunga. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ka whakaratohia e te whakamunatanga ngā tikanga me ngā rauropi hei whakarite kia noho muna ngā karere e tukuna ana mā ngā whatunga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ā, kia taea anake e ngā rōpū whai mana te uru atu.
He aha te Whakamunatanga?
Ko te whakamunatanga he pūtaiao me te toi o te tiaki i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mā te huri i tētahi karere taketake (kuputuhi māmā) ki tētahi āhua e kore e taea te pānui (kuputuhi huna) e tetahi atu engari ko te kaiwhiwhi whai mana. Kei roto i tēnei tukanga te whakamahinga o ngā rauropi pāngarau uaua me ngā kī whakamunatanga. Ka whakamahia ēnei kī hei whakamuna me te wetewete i ngā karere, kia mau tonu ai te haumaru o ngā mōhiohio i te wā e tukuna ana.
He Hītori Poto o te Whakamunatanga
Ehara te whakamunatanga i te ariā hou; kua roa e whakamahia ana mō ngā mano tau. Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko te Caesar Cipher, i whakamahia e Julius Caesar hei tiaki i ana karere. I te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ko te mīhini Enigma te tauira o te whakamunatanga hou, i whakamahia e Nazi Germany hei whakamuna i ngā karere hōia. Kua tere haere te whanaketanga o te mātauranga me te hangarau whakamunatanga mai i taua wā, inā koa me ngā whanaketanga o te pūtaiao rorohiko me te hangarau mōhiohio.
Te Tūranga o te Whakamunatanga i roto i ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
I roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ka whakamahia te whakamunatanga mō ngā kaupapa maha, tae atu ki:
1. Te Matatapu
Ko te noho muna tētahi o ngā whāinga matua o te whakamunatanga. Mā tēnei ka taea anake te pānui i tētahi karere kua tukuna e te kaiwhiwhi e tika ana. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā taupānga karere inamata pēnei i a WhatsApp, Signal rānei, ka whakamahia te whakamunatanga mai i te pito ki te pito hei whakamuna i ngā karere i te mea ka tukuna mai i tētahi pūrere, ā, ka wetewetehia ina tae noa ki te pūrere o te kaiwhiwhi.
2. Te Pono o ngā Raraunga
Ka whakamahia e te whakamunatanga ngā tikanga pēnei i te tātaritanga raraunga hei whakarite kia kore e whakarerekētia ngā raraunga i te wā e tukuna ana. Ka whakaputahia e ngā rauropi tātaritanga raraunga pēnei i te SHA-256 he uara tātaritanga ahurei mō ia karere. Mēnā ka whakarerekētia te karere, ka rerekē anō hoki te uara tātaritanga raraunga, e tohu ana kua whakarerekētia ngā raraunga.
3. Whakamotuhēhēnga
Mā te manatoko ka whakarite ko te kaituku o te karere ko ia tonu te tangata e kīia ana e rātou. Ka taea tēnei mā te whakamahi i ngā waitohu mamati me ngā tiwhikete whakamuna. He mea nui te manatoko hei ārai i ngā whakaekenga pēnei i te "tangata-i-waenganui," ina whakaari te kaiwhakaeke i tētahi o ngā rōpū i roto i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
4. Te kore-whakahē
Mā te kore-whakahē ka ārai i te kaituku i te whakakahore i tukuna e rātou he karere. Ka tutuki tēnei mā te whakamahi i ngā waitohu mamati me te hanganga kī tūmatanui (PKI). He mea nui te kore-whakahē i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga pakihi me ngā whakawhitiwhitinga ture, ina hiahiatia he taunakitanga mō te tuku me te whiwhinga o ngā karere.
Ngā Arorau Whakamunatanga e Whakamahia Ana
Ko ētahi o ngā rauropi whakamunatanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ko:
1. Paerewa Whakamuna Arā Atu Anō (AES)
He pūnaha whakamunatanga taurite te AES e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā momo tono, mai i te whakamunatanga raraunga kōpae ki te whakamunatanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whatunga. E mōhiotia ana te AES mō tōna pakari ki te whakarato haumarutanga teitei me ngā kī whakamunatanga roa, pērā i te 128-bit, 192-bit, 256-bit rānei.
2. Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA)
He pūnaha whakamunatanga kore taurite te RSA e whakamahia ana mō te tuku raraunga haumaru me te manatoko. Ka whakamahia e te RSA he takirua kī tūmatanui me te kī tūmataiti, ā, ko te kī tūmataiti anake ka taea te wetewete i ngā raraunga kua whakamunahia me te kī tūmatanui, me te kī tūmataiti kua takirua.
3. Te Whakamunatanga Piko Porowhita (ECC)
He pūnaha whakamunatanga kore-taurite te ECC e whakamahi ana i ngā pihi porowhita hei whakarato i tētahi taumata haumarutanga e rite ana ki ngā pūnaha pēnei i te RSA engari he iti ake te rahi o te kī. Nā tēnei ka pai te ECC mō ngā taputapu he iti ngā rauemi, pēnei i ngā taputapu IoT.
4. Pūmanawa Hash Haumaru (SHA)
He whānau pūnaha tātai raraunga a SHA e whakamahia ana hei whakarite i te pono o ngā raraunga. Hei tauira, ka whakaputa a SHA-256 i tētahi uara tātai ahurei 256-bit mō ia karere, kia mōhio ai ka tino rerekē te tātai raraunga i ngā huringa katoa.
Te Whakatinanatanga o te Whakamunatanga i roto i te Ahumahi Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
He maha ngā tikanga whakamuna e whakamahia ana e te umanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hei pupuri i te haumarutanga whatunga me ngā raraunga. Ko ētahi o ngā whakatinanatanga matua ko:
1. Haumarutanga Whatunga
Ka whakamahia e ngā kamupene whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ngā Whatunga Tūmataiti Mariko (VPN) me te Haumarutanga Paparanga Waka (TLS) hei whakamuna i ngā raraunga e tukuna ana mā roto i ā rātou whatunga. Ka whakaratohia e ngā VPN he kauhanga haumaru i runga i ngā whatunga tūmatanui, ko te TLS ia ka whakarite kia haumaru ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero HTTPS i runga i ngā paetukutuku me ngā tono.
2. Whakamunatanga Waea Reo me te Ataata
Kua tino rongonui haere ngā hangarau reo i runga i te IP (VoIP) me ngā hangarau hui ataata, inā koa i te wā o te mate urutā COVID-19. Ka whakamahia ngā kawa pēnei i te Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) hei whakamuna i ngā waea reo me ngā waea ataata, kia noho tūmataiti ai ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
3. Kawa Haumarutanga Waea Pūkoro
I roto i ngā whatunga pūkoro, ka whakamahia e ngā kawa haumarutanga pēnei i te GSM me te LTE ngā rauropi whakamuna hei tiaki i ngā raraunga me ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. I te whanaketanga o te hangarau 5G, kei te whakawhanakehia ngā kawa haumarutanga matatau ake pēnei i te 5G-AKA (Motuhēhēnga me te Whakaaetanga Kī) hei whakarato i te tiakitanga nui ake.
4. Whakamotuhēhēnga Kaiwhakamahi
I roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hou, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te manatoko a te kaiwhakamahi mā te manatoko rua-wāhanga (2FA) me te manatoko maha-wāhanga (MFA). Ka whakamahia e ēnei hangarau he huinga o ngā mea e mōhiotia ana e te kaiwhakamahi (pēnei i te kupuhipa), ngā mea kei a te kaiwhakamahi (pēnei i te waea pūkoro hei whiwhi i te waehere OTP), me ngā mea kei a te kaiwhakamahi (pēnei i te tapumati).
Ngā Wero me te Anamata o te Whakamunatanga i roto i ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
1. Te Whakawhanaketanga o te Rorohiko Irahiko
E kiia ana te rorohiko matihiko he tūmomo mōrearea pea ki te maha o ngā rauropi whakamunatanga o nāianei. Tērā pea ka tere ake te pakaru o ngā rauropi pēnei i te RSA me te ECC me ngā rorohiko matihiko i ngā rorohiko tawhito. Nō reira, kei te kaha te mahi a te hapori whakamunatanga ki te whakawhanake i ngā rauropi muri-matihiko e ātete ana ki ngā whakaeke matihiko.
2. Te Uauatanga o te Whakaeke
I te mea kei te whanake tonu ngā tikanga whakaeke, pērā i ngā whakaeke e ahu mai ana i te AI me te hangarau pāpori, he mea nui kia whakapai tonu i te haumarutanga me ngā tikanga whakamuna. Kei te piki haere te hiranga o te haumarutanga paparua me te aroturuki whatunga atamai.
3. Ngā Rauemi Iti
He iti noa ngā rauemi rorohiko mō ngā taputapu maha, inā koa i roto i te pūnaha IoT. Ko te whakatinana i ngā rauropi whakamuna kaha ki roto i ēnei taputapu me whai hoahoa e whai hua ana ki ngā rauemi, engari he whai hua, he haumaru hoki.
4. Te Ture me te Whakatutukitanga
Me tutuki e te umanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ngā ture me ngā paerewa haumarutanga, pērā i te GDPR i Ūropi, te HIPAA rānei i te US. Me tutuki ngā whakatinanatanga whakamuna ki ēnei ture hei whakarite i te noho muna me te pono o ngā raraunga, me te kore e takahi i te ture.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te whakamunatanga hei whakarite i te haumaru o ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i te ao whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o ēnei rā. Mai i te whakamunatanga raraunga ki te manatoko kaiwhakamahi, ka āwhina te whakamunatanga ki te tiaki i ngā mōhiohio mai i ngā tūmomo riri e whanake haere ana. I te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ka puta ake ngā wero hou, me te hiahia kia auaha tonu ngā tohunga me te whakawhanake i ngā otinga haumarutanga matatau ake, ātete ki ngā whakaeke. Ko te heke mai o te whakamunatanga i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e whakawhirinaki ana ki tō tātou kaha ki te noho ki mua i ngā tūmomo riri me te whakarite kia noho haumaru, kia mau tonu hoki ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.
