Te Tātaitanga o ngā Whakaritenga Rauemi mō ngā Hanganga Konukura Whakakaha
He taahiraa nui te tatau i ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana mō ngā hanganga raima whakapakari i roto i te whakamahere me te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa hanga. Ka pā ngā tataunga tika ki te whai huatanga o te utu, te hokonga i te wā tika, me te kounga o te mahi i te mara. Ka taea e te korenga o ngā rauemi te whakaroa i te mahi, engari ka mōrearea te nui o ngā rauemi ki te whakapiki i ngā utu, te hanga para, me te whakanui ake i te rokiroki. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā taketake, ngā taahiraa tatau, me ngā tauira o ngā huarahi noa ki te tatau i ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana mō ngā huānga hanganga raima whakapakari.
1. Ngā wāhanga rauemi i roto i te raima whakapakari
I te nuinga o te wā, e rua ngā rōpū rauemi matua o ngā hanganga raima whakapakari:
1. Konukuraiti: he ranunga o te sima, te kirikiri pai (onepu), te kirikiri matotoru (kirikiri/kōhatu kuru), te wai, me ngā mea tāpiri, mēnā e tika ana. Ko ngā whakaritenga konukuraiti ka tatauhia i roto i ngā waeine rōrahi (m³).
2. Te maitai whakapakari: kei roto ko te whakapakari matua, te whakapakari kutikuti (ngā porowhita/ngā porowhita), me te whakapakari tohatoha, te whakapakari whakaiti rānei. Ka tatauhia ngā whakaritenga maitai i roto i ngā waeine taumaha (kg, tana rānei) me te roa (m).
Hei tāpiritanga, kei reira ngā rauemi tautoko pērā i te anga hanga (rakau, papa rakau, anga maitai), te waea piko, ngā mea whakawātea, me te matū whakamaroke. Heoi, ko te arotahi matua o ngā tataunga rauemi hanganga raima whakapakari ko te rōrahi o te raima me te taumaha o te maitai whakapakari.
2. Ngā mātāpono taketake mō te tatau i te rōrahi raima
Ko ngā tataunga rōrahi raima e whai ana i te tātai rōrahi āhuahanga mō ngā huānga hanganga. Ko ētahi o ngā huānga e tatauhia ana ko:
– Papa: Rōrahi = roa × whānui × matotoru
– Kurupae: Rōrahi = roa × whānui × teitei (ngā inenga whakawhiti-wāhanga kurupae rānei)
– Pou: Rōrahi = horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga × teitei
– Tūāpapa turanga: Rōrahi = roa × whānui × matotoru (he āhua trapezoidal/taahiraa rānei e ai ki te hoahoa)
Kia whakatauhia te rōrahi o te raima, ka tāpirihia e ngā kaiwhakamahere he tauwehenga para, he ātete mara rānei. Ko te nui ka whakawhirinaki ki te uaua o te mahi me te tikanga whakarewa, engari ko te nuinga o te wā he 2–5% mō te mahi ma, whakahaeretia, ā, ka teitei ake pea mēnā he iti iho i te pai ngā āhuatanga o te mara.
He tauira poto
Hei tauira, he papa pereti he 10 m × 8 m te rahi, ā, he 0,12 m te matotoru:
– Rōrahi = 10 × 8 × 0,12 = 9,6 m³
Mena he 3% te para:
– Te rōrahi hoahoa = 9,6 × 1,03 = 9,888 m³ ≈ 9,89 m³
3. Tahurihia te rahinga o te raima ki ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana (sima, onepu, kirikiri, wai)
I te parae, e rua ngā huarahi matua e taea ai te tiki raima:
1. Konukura kua oti te whakaranu: ka whakahuatia noa ngā whakaritenga i roto i te m³ e ai ki te kounga (hei tauira, K-250, fc' 20 MPa, me ētahi atu).
2. Konukuraiti whakaranu-papa (konukuraiti i te papa): me wehewehe te rōrahi o te konukuraiti ki ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana.
Mō te ranunga papa, ko ngā whakaritenga rauemi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hoahoa ranunga. He huarahi māmā te whakamahi i tētahi ripanga hanganga mō ia 1 m³ o te raima. Hei aratohu whānui (tērā pea ka rerekē ngā uara i runga i ngā paerewa, ngā rauemi, me ngā whāinga kounga), ko ngā whakaritenga mō ia 1 m³ o te raima taumata-waenga kei roto pea i te awhe e whai ake nei:
– Sima: 300–400 kg
– Oneone: 0,45–0,55 m³
– Kirikiri: 0,70–0,85 m³
– Wai: 160–210 rita
Nā te nui o ngā rerekētanga, he pai ake te whakamahi i te tauira ranunga mahi, i te hoahoa ranunga taiwhanga rānei. Heoi, mō ngā whakatau tata tahua tuatahi (RAB), he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te huarahi ripanga.
Whakaahua o te huarahi
Mena mō te 1 m³ o te raima ka whakamahia te 350 kg o te sima, te 0,5 m³ o te onepu, te 0,8 m³ o te kirikiri, me te 180 rita wai, kāti mō te 9,89 m³:
– Sima = 9,89 × 350 = 3.461,5 kg ≈ 3,46 tāne (≈ 69 tāra @50 kg)
– Oneone = 9,89 × 0,5 = 4,945 m³
– Kirikiri = 9,89 × 0,8 = 7,912 m³
– Wai = 9,89 × 180 = 1.780,2 rita
Tāpirihia ngā para mēnā e tika ana, inā koa te onepu me te kirikiri (hei tauira, 5–10%) nā te whakamahinga me ngā ngaromanga i te mara.
4. Te tatau i ngā whakaritenga mō te maitai whakapakari
He rerekē ki te raima e ahu mai ana i te rōrahi, ka tatauhia te maitai whakapakari mai i:
– te maha o ngā kakau,
– te roa mō ia tokotoko,
– te whānui o te whakakaha,
– taumaha mō ia mita (kg/m).
4.1 Taumaha o te whakakaha mō ia mita
Ko te taumaha motuhake o te maitai e kiia ana he 7.850 kg/m³. I roto i te mahi, ka taea te tatau i te taumaha tata o te whakakaha mō ia mita mā te whakamahi i te tātai e whai ake nei:
Taumaha (kg/m) = 0,006165 × d²
d i roto i te mm.
Tauira:
– D10: 0,006165 × 10² = 0,6165 kg/m
– D13: 0,006165 × 13² = 1,042 kg/m
– D16: 0,006165 × 16² = 1,579 kg/m
– D19: 0,006165 × 19² = 2,224 kg/m
He tata tēnei uara ki te ripanga paerewa e whakamahia whānuitia ana e ngā kaiwhakatau.
4.2 Ngā taahiraa hei tatau i ngā whakaritenga whakapakari
1. Tāutuhia te ahua hanganga: te whānui, te maha, te mokowā, me te roa o te punga, o te hononga whāiti rānei.
2. Tātaihia te roa o te whakakaha kupenga i runga i ngā rahi o te huānga, kātahi ka tāpirihia:
– te roa o te matau (mēnā he matau),
– te roa o te tohatoha,
– te roa o te hononga e taupokina ana,
– he tāpiri mō te piko.
3. Tātaihia te roa katoa = te maha o ngā toko × te roa mō ia toko.
4. Te tahuritanga ki te taumaha = te roa katoa × te taumaha mō ia mita.
5. Tāpirihia he para (te nuinga o te 3–7%) mō ngā tapahi me ngā toenga otaota.
He tauira ariā mō tētahi poraka
Hei tauira, he kurupae 6 mita te roa, he whakakaha matua o raro tonu 4D16. Me kī he 0,4 mita te roa o te whanaketanga e hiahiatia ana mō ia pae i ia pito (he tauira noa iho tēnei; ko ngā uara tuturu kei raro i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa).
– Te roa mō ia tokotoko = 6 + 0,4 + 0,4 = 6,8 m
– Te roa katoa = 4 × 6,8 = 27,2 m
– Taumaha D16 = 1,579 kg/m
– Taumaha katoa = 27,2 × 1,579 = 42,95 kg
Mō ngā porotiti, ko te tataunga i te nuinga o te wā:
– whakatau i te maha o ngā tūru = (roa whai hua / mokowā) + 1,
– tātaihia te roa o te 1 taura = te porowhita kupenga + ngā matau tāpiri,
– whakareatia, kātahi ka tahuri mā te taumaha mō ia mita.
5. Ngā āhuatanga e warewarehia ana i roto i te whakatau tata
Hei tatau tika ake i ngā whakaritenga rauemi, me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei:
1. Ka pā te matotoru o te taupoki raima ki ngā āhua mārama o ngā arai me te roa whai hua o te whakakaha.
2. Ka taea e te roa o te tohatoha me ngā hononga whakapiko te whakanui ake i te whakamahinga o te maitai, inā koa mō ngā wāhanga roa.
3. Ngā rerekētanga o te roa o te pae wheketere paerewa (12 m te nuinga). Ko te tapahi mai i te pae 12 m ka hua ake he para kāore e taea te whakamahi i ngā wā katoa.
4. Ngā panonitanga ki te hoahoa o te papa (tuhinga toa) pērā i te nekehanga o ngā whakatuwheratanga, ngā panonitanga ki ngā taipitopito hononga, te hiahia rānei mō ētahi atu whakakaha.
5. Ka pā te kounga o te hanganga me te tikanga whakarewa ki ngā para raima (ngā turuturu, ngā turuturu, me ētahi atu).
6. Momo whakakaha (ma/miro) me ngā āhuatanga piko e pā ana ki ngā taipitopito o te roa o te matau.
6. Ngā tikanga mahi: te whakarāpopototanga me te wātaka piko pae (BBS)
Mō ngā kaupapa hanganga ake, ka tatauhia ngā whakaritenga whakapakari mā te whakamahi i te Pae Piko Whakamuri (BBS), he rārangi o ngā whakapakari kei roto:
– waehere pae,
– āhua,
– te whānui,
– te roa o te tapahi,
- te nui,
– te roa katoa,
– te taumaha katoa.
Mā te BBS, ka tika ake te hoko maitai, ka māmā ake te hanga me te whakaiti i te para. Mō te raima, ko ngā whakarāpopototanga rōrahi mō ia huānga (pou, kurupae, pereti, arawhata) ka whakahiatohia mō ia papa, mō ia rohe whakarewa rānei kia rite ki te raupapa whakarewa.
7. Whakamutunga
Ko te tatau i ngā whakaritenga rauemi mō ngā hanganga raima whakapakari e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga e rua: te rōrahi raima me te taumaha maitai whakapakari. Ka tatauhia te rōrahi raima mai i ngā huānga āhuahanga, ā, ka tāpirihia he tauwehenga para e tika ana. I taua wā, ka tatauhia ngā whakaritenga whakapakari mai i ngā tuhi hanganga taipitopito (te tau, te whānui, te mokowā, me ngā taipitopito matau me te hononga) kātahi ka hurihia ki te taumaha mā te whakamahi i te taumaha mō ia mita. Hei whakanui ake i te tika me te whakaiti i te para, he tino taunakihia te whakamahi i te BBS mō te whakapakari me te whakarāpopototanga rōrahi mō ia rohe maka. I ngā wāhanga tuatahi, ka whakamahia pea he huarahi ripanga hei whakatau tata, engari i te whakatata ki te whakatinanatanga, me titiro ngā tatau ki ngā tuhi mahi whakamutunga me ngā taipitopito whakamahere kia tika ake ai te hoko rauemi, kia pai ake ai te kaupapa, kia mau tonu ai te kounga hanganga.
