Me pēhea te ine me te aromatawai i te kounga o te hanga raima
Ko te kounga o te hanganga raima te mea nui hei whakatau i te kaha, te haumaru, me te roa o te mahi o tētahi whare. Ko te raima e ahua "pakeke" ana, kāore pea e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga hangarau mēnā kāore e taea te whakahaere i ngā tukanga whakamahere, whakaranu, whakarewa, me te whakamaroke. Nō reira, me whakahaere pūnaha te ine me te aromatawai i te kounga o te raima, mai i te wāhanga o mua i te whakarewatanga ki te aromatawai i muri i te whakapakeketanga. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga mahi me ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te ine me te aromatawai i te kounga o te hanganga raima i te mara me te taiwhanga.
1. Te Mārama ki ngā Tawhā Kounga Rakau
I mua i te ine, me mōhio tātou ki ngā tawhā e tautuhi ana i te raima "kounga". Ko te tikanga, ka aromatawaihia te kounga o te raima mā te:
1. Kaha pēhanga: te tohu matua e hiahiatia ana i roto i ngā whakaritenga.
2. Ngāwari o te mahi (ngāwari o te mahi): e pā ana ki te ngāwari o te whakarewa, te whakakīkī me te whakaoti me te kore wehewehe.
3. Te mātotoru me te porosity: ka pā ki te uruhanga me te ātete ki te wai me ngā matū kaha.
4. Te pakari: te kaha o te raima ki te tu atu i ngā āhuatanga taiao (te waro, te whanariki, te pūhaumāota, ngā huringa mākū-maroke, me ētahi atu).
5. Te kounga o te mahi toi: tae atu ki te whakakīkī, ngā hononga whakarewa, te honikoma, ngā kapiti, me te ōritetanga o ngā āhuatanga.
6. Te tutuki i te hoahoa me ngā whakaritenga: hei tauira, te kounga kua whakaritea mō te f'c, te ōwehenga wai-sima, te totohu, te rahi o te rauemi, me te manawanui ki ngā āhuatanga.
Mā tēnei tawhā, kāore te aromatawai kounga e whakawhirinaki noa ki te kaha pēhi kotahi, engari ki te huinga o te whakamātautau rauemi, te whakamātautau tukanga, me te tirotiro ā-kanohi.
2. Te Tirotiro Rauemi i mua i te Maka
Ko te kounga o te raima ka tīmata i ngā rauemi o roto.
a. Sima
Me whakarite kia ahu mai te sima i tētahi kaihanga rongonui, kia kore he puranga, ā, kia rongoatia ki te wāhi maroke. Mā te rokiroki makuku, te rokiroki roa rānei ka whakaiti i tōna kaha ki te whakamahi.
b. Ngā mea whakahiato pai me ngā mea whakahiato matotoru
Me ma ngā mea whakaranu, me kore he paru oneone/paraoa, ā, me rite te taumata o te whakarōpūtanga. Ko ngā whakamātautau whānui ko:
– Tātarihia te tātari hei whakarite i te whakarōpūtanga.
– Te nui o te paru (ina koa te onepu).
– Te nui o te makuku o te ranunga, nā te mea he nui tōna pānga ki te ōwehenga wai-sima tuturu.
c. Te whakaranu i te wai
Me tika te wai (he rite tonu ki te wai ma). Ka taea e te wai he nui te tote, he nui rānei ngā matū waro te whakararu i te hononga sima, ā, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te waikura whakakaha.
d. Ngā rauemi tāpiri (ranunga)
Mena kei te whakamahi koe i ngā superplasticizer, ngā whakaroa, ngā whakateretere, me ētahi atu tāpiringa rānei, me whakarite kia rite te horopeta ki ngā taunakitanga, ā, kia whakamātauria hoki tōna hototahitanga ki te sima e whakamahia ana.
3. Te Mana Whakahaere Kounga Ranunga Konukuraiti (Hoahoa Ranunga)
Ka aromatawaihia hoki te kounga mā te tirotiro mēnā e whai ana te ranunga i te hoahoa.
Ngā mea hei whakarite:
– Ka tutuki te ōwehenga wai-sima (ōwehenga w/c) i te whāinga. Ka tino whakatau tēnei ōwehenga i te kaha pēhi me te roa o te mau. Ko te tāpiri koretake o te wai ki te mara he tino take o te hekenga o te kounga.
– Te whakataurite i ngā ōwehenga kia rite ki te hoahoa.
– He nui te wā whakaoho kia ōrite ai te ranunga.
– Te ōritetanga i waenga i ngā puranga ina tukuna mai te raima mai i tētahi wheketere puranga.
Ko ngā tuhinga i roto i te ahua o ngā ota tuku, ngā rēkoata hekenga, te pāmahana, me te wā tuku hei taunakitanga mō te mana whakahaere kounga.
4. Te Ine i te Āhua Mahi: Te Whakamātautau Paheke me ōna Huarahi Rēti
Ko te tikanga, ka inehia te āheinga mahi mā te whakamātautau totohu mā te whakamahi i te kōne Abrams. Mā te uara totohu ka kitea te matotoru o te ranunga:
– Heke rawa: he uaua te whakakikī i te raima, ka tūpono ka ngatata te papa o te honikoma.
– Te tino tiketike o te hinganga: te mōrearea o te wehewehe me te toto, ina koa mēnā ko te pikinga o te hinganga i ahu mai i te tāpiri wai.
Mō te raima me ngā āhuatanga motuhake, ka whakamahia i ētahi wā:
– Te rere o te totohu (i roto i te raima whakakī-ake/SCC).
– He kōrere-V, he pouaka-L rānei hei aromatawai i te rere o te wai me te whiti mā roto i te whakakaha i roto i te SCC.
Me whakataurite ngā uara whakamātautau ki ngā whakaritenga o te kaupapa, kaua e "ahua ngāwari noa iho te maka".
5. Te Ine i te Marae i te Wā e Maka ana
a. Te pāmahana raima
Ka pā te pāmahana ki te wā e tū ai te kirihou me te mōrearea o ngā pakaru e mimiti ana. Ka tere te tū o te raima mēnā he wera rawa, ā, ka pakaru; ka whakaroa te tū o te raima mēnā he makariri rawa.
b. Tikanga whakakīkī
Me ōrite te whakakīkī me te wiri, kaua e nui rawa. Mēnā kāore i te nui te wiri, ka puta he āputa; ki te nui rawa te wiri, ka puta he wehewehe. Mā ngā tirotiro o te mara e aromatawai:
– te tauira whakakīkī,
– te tawhiti i waenga i ngā pūwāhi wiri,
– te roa o te wiri,
– te matotoru o te paparanga whakarewa.
c. Te āhua o te hanganga me te whakakaha
Me piri te anga whakapuru hei ārai i te turuturu o te whakapiri sima. Me tika te tūnga o te whakakaha, ā, me nui hoki te taupoki raima. Ki te kore e ranea te taupoki, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te waikura.
d. Te tuhi i te mara
Ka tika ake te aromatawai kounga mēnā he raraunga kei roto: te wā whakarewa, te rōrahi, te taunga o ngā huānga, te huarere, te hinganga, te maha o ngā mea whakamātautau, me ngā ingoa o ngā kaiwhakarato me ngā tīma whakatinana.
6. Te Whakarite i ngā Tauira Whakamātautau me te Whakamātautau Kaha Pēhanga
Ko te whakamātautau kaha pēhanga te tikanga tino noa mō te aromatawai i te kounga o te raima. Ko te tikanga whānui ko:
1. Tangohia he tauira mō te raima hou.
2. Hangaia he mea whakamātautau porotaka/pūtoru kia rite ki ngā paerewa e tika ana.
3. Whakamaroketia te mea whakamātautau (i te nuinga o te wā ka rumakina, ka rongoatia rānei i raro i ētahi tikanga).
4. Whakamātautau pēhanga i tētahi tau kua whakaritea, ko te nuinga o te wā ko te 7 rā me te 28 rā.
Te whakamārama i ngā hua:
– te kaha pēhi mō ngā rā 28, ki te whakaritea ki te kounga hoahoa (hei tauira, f'c 25 MPa).
– Ka aromatawaihia ngā hua o ētahi tauira mā te tatauranga (te toharite, te rerekētanga), nā te mea kāore te kounga o te raima e aromatawaihia mā te mea kotahi anake.
Mena he iti ngā hua, ka whakahaerehia he rangahau: mēnā he tāpiri wai, he hapa puranga, he koretake te whakapakeke, he koretake rānei te whakakīkī.
7. Aromatawai Kounga Whakaora (Whakaora Konukōre)
Mā te whakamaroke tika ka mau tonu te haumākū me te pāmahana kia pai ai te makuku o te sima. Ki te kore e whakamaroke, ka heke te kaha pēhi, ā, ka piki ake te pakaru.
Tikanga whakamaroke:
– te whakainu auau,
– te hipoki ki te pēke mākū,
– te matū whakaora,
– kiriuhi kirihou,
– te rumaki (mō ētahi āhuatanga).
Ka taea te aromatawai mā te tirotiro i te mata (ngā ngatata o te kiri, te tihore), ngā rekoata roa o te whakamaroke, me te hononga ki ngā hua o te kaha pēhi.
8. Tirotiro Tirohanga: Ngā Hapa Noa i roto i te Konukuraiti
He mea nui te tirotiro ā-kanohi nā te mea kāore e taea te kite i ētahi raruraru mā te kaha pēhi anake. Ka aromatawaihia ēnei e whai ake nei:
– He honikoma/he pūngāwerewere: nā te kore e ranea te whakakīkī, te turuturu rānei o te anga hanga.
– Te wehewehenga: ka kohikohi ngā mea whakahiato ki tētahi wāhi, ka whakapiri ki tētahi atu wāhi.
– Ngā kapiti: ngā kapiti kirihou, ngā kapiti mimiti, ngā kapiti hanganga.
– Hononga makariri: kāore te hononga whakarewa e hanumi nā te mea he roa rawa te wā whakarewa.
– Te kiriuhi/te wehewehe i te mata: ka puta pea i te whakaotinga o te mata ina kore e toto katoa.
Me tuhi ngā kitenga ā-kanohi (ngā whakaahua, te wāhi, te rahi) ā, me whai ake he aromatawai hangarau.
9. Whakamātautau Kore-Whakangaro (NDT) i runga i te Konukura Kua Whakamārōhia
Hei aromatawai i te raima me te kore e pakaru ngā huānga, ka whakamahia ngā tikanga NDT, tae atu ki:
a. Hāma Schmidt (Hama Whakahoki)
Ka hoki anō ngā ine ki te whakatau tata i te pakeke o te mata. He pai mō te tirotiro tere, engari ka pāngia e te makuku, te mutunga, me te pakeke o te raima.
b. Te Tere o te Pāorooro (UPV)
Ine i te tere o ngā ngaru ultrasonic i roto i te raima. Ka taea te tohu i te mātotoru, ngā kapiti o roto, me te ōritetanga.
c. Mita taupoki / kimi rebar
Tirohia te tūranga o te whakakaha me te matotoru o te taupoki raima. He mea nui tēnei mō te roa o te wā.
Ko te NDT e whakamahia ana i te nuinga o te wā hei tāpiri, ehara i te mea hei whakakapi mō te paerewa whakamātautau kaha pēhanga.
10. Whakamātautau Whakangaromanga Iti: Wiri Matua
Mena he ruarua mō te kounga o te raima o nāianei, ka taea te whakahaere i tētahi whakamātautau matua (te tango i tētahi matua raima) kātahi ka tukuna ki tētahi whakamātautau pēhanga taiwhanga. He pai ake tēnei i te hama pekepeke nā te mea ka whakamātautau i te raima i roto i te wāhanga hanganga, engari me whai whakaaro:
– kaua te wāhi keri e whakangāwari i te hanganga,
– me whakatika ngā kōhao matua mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tika,
– me whakatika ngā hua mō te ōwehenga teitei-whānui me ngā āhuatanga o te tauira.
11. Te Aromatawai i te Pakari: Te Āheinga me te Pūmanawa Waikura
Mō ngā hanganga e pāngia ana e ngā taiao kino (ngā takutai moana, ngā ahumahi, ngā wai para), ka aromatawaihia te kounga o te raima mai i te āhuatanga pakari, hei tauira:
– whakamātautau werohanga pūhaumāota (tohu mō te mōrearea o te waikura whakakaha),
– whakamātautau mimiti/pūngao wai,
– whakamātautau waro (ka whakaitihia e te hohonutanga waro te tiaki whakakaha),
– whakamātautau whanariki mō te ātete matū.
Kāore te pakari e rahua nā te iti o te kaha pēhanga, engari nā te nui o te porosity, te kore rānei o te hipoki.
12. Whakamutunga: He Huarahi Whānui ki te Aromatawai i te Kounga o te Konumohe
Ko te ine me te aromatawai i te kounga o te hanganga raima ehara i te mea ko te whakahaere noa i te whakamātautau kaha pēhi 28-rā. Me whakahaere te kounga mai i te wā e tae mai ai te rauemi, mā te tukanga whakaputa ranunga, mā te kawe i te raima, te whakarewa, te whakakīkī, me te whakamaroke. I te mara, ko te whakamātautau totohu, te whakamātautau pāmahana, te tirotiro i te hanganga me te whakakaha, te tuhi tukanga, me te whakamaroke ā-ture ka pā nui ki ngā hua. Mō te raima whakapakeke, ko te tirotiro tirohanga, te NDT, me te whakamātautau matua ka āwhina ki te whakarite kia tutuki te kounga i ngā paerewa hoahoa me te haumaru mō te whakamahi.
Mā te whakatinana i te mana kounga tino tika me te whakamātautau tika, ka taea te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te pakaru wawe, te whakaiti i ngā utu whakatika, ā, ka taea e ngā hanganga raima te mahi haumaru i runga anō i te roanga o te wā hoahoa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga hei putanga e pā ana ki tētahi paerewa motuhake (hei tauira, SNI/ASTM), ka taea rānei te tāpiri i tētahi rārangi arowhai QA/QC mō ngā kaupapa raima.
