Te Whakaingoa o ngā Matū Waro
Ko ngā matū waro he matū matū e titoa ana i te waro me te hauwai, i ētahi wā me ētahi atu huānga pērā i te hāora, te hauota, te whanariki, te whākōkī, me ngā halogen. Ko te whakaingoa matū waro, e mōhiotia ana ko te whakaingoa matū waro, he pūnaha e whakamahia ana hei tuku ingoa kotahi-reo me te pūnaha ki ēnei matū. He mea nui te whakaingoa tika nā te mea ka āwhina i te tautuhi pūtaiao me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou te ariā o te whakaingoa matū waro i runga i ngā ture i whakatūria e te International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Whakaingoa IUPAC
I whakawhanakehia te pūnaha IUPAC hei tuku ingoa ahurei ki ia matū i runga i tōna hanganga ngota. Kua hangaia te whakaingoa IUPAC kia uru atu ngā mōhiohio mārama mō te hanganga kia taea ai te wehewehe i te ingoa ki te hanganga matū e rite ana. Ko te kaupapa matua o te whakaingoa rauropi e toru ngā wāhanga matua: te ingoa matua, te tohu whakakapi, me te tohu tūranga.
1. Ingoa Matua: E pā ana ki te mekameka waro roa rawa atu i roto i te ngota ngota.
2. Tāutuhi Whakakapinga: E tautuhi ana i ngā rōpū, i ngā ngota rānei e herea ana ki te mekameka waro matua.
3. Tautuhi Tūnga: E tohu ana i te taunga o te matū whakakapi i roto i te mekameka waro matua.
Ngā Ārane, ngā Ārane, me ngā Ārane
Me tīmata tātou ki te whakaingoatanga o ngā pūhui warowaihā māmā: ngā ārani (ngā pūhui he hononga kotahi), ngā ārani (ngā pūhui he hononga takirua kotahi, neke atu rānei), me ngā ārani (ngā pūhui he hononga takitoru kotahi, neke atu rānei).
Ākana
Ko ngā ārani he warowaihā kua kōtui, he kotahi noa te hononga i waenga i ngā ngota waro. Ko te tātai whānui mō ngā ārani ko CnH2n+2. Ka mutu ngā ingoa ārani ki te "-ane." Ko ētahi tauira:
– Methane (CH4): Ko te alkane iti rawa me te ngota waro kotahi.
– Etāne (C2H6): E rua ngā ngota waro, ko te whakaritenga: CH3-CH3.
– Poropana (C3H8): E toru ngā ngota waro, ko te whakaritenga: CH3-CH2-CH3.
Mō ngā alkana he roa ake ngā mekameka waro, ka ahu mai ngā ingoa turanga i ngā tau Kariki. Hei tauira: butane (4 ngā waro), pentane (5 ngā waro), hexane (6 ngā waro).
Alken
Ko ngā ākene he warowaihā kore-mākū kei roto i a rātou tētahi, neke atu rānei, ngā here takirua waro-waro. Ko te tātai whānui mō te ākene ko CnH2n. Ko te ingoa ōkawa mō ngā ākene ka mutu ki te "-ene." Ka tauhia te mekameka matua mai i te pito tata ki te here takirua. Ko ētahi tauira:
– Etene (C2H4): E rua ngā ngota waro me te hononga takirua kotahi.
– Poropene (C3H6): E toru ngā ngota waro: CH2=CH-CH3.
Ngā ārikini
Ko ngā āriki he warowaihā kore-mākū kei roto i a rātou tētahi, neke atu rānei, ngā here takitoru waro-waro. Ko tō rātou tauira whānui ko CnH2n-2. Ko te ingoa ōkawa o ngā āriki ka mutu ki te "-yne." Pērā i ngā āriki, ka tīmata te tau i te pito tata ki te here takitoru. Ko ētahi tauira ko:
– Etūna (C2H2): E rua ngā ngota waro me te hononga takitoru kotahi.
– Poropune (C3H4): E toru ngā ngota waro: CH≡C-CH3.
Ngā Rōpū Mahi
Ko te rōpū mahi he wāhanga o te ngota e mahi ana hei waeine tauhohe, ā, e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga matū o te ngota. Anei ētahi tauira o ngā rōpū mahi me ō rātou ingoa e rite ana.
waipiro
Ko ngā waipiro he matū kei roto he rōpū hydroxyl (-OH) e herea ana ki te ngota waro kukū. Ka mutu ngā ingoa waipiro ki te "-ol". Mā te taunga ka taea te whakarite kia iti rawa te ngota -OH.
Tauira:
– Methanol (CH3OH): Ko te waipiro māmā rawa atu me te ngota waro kotahi.
– Etanora (C2H5OH): E rua ngā ngota waro me te rōpū hydroxyl kotahi e piri ana ki te waro tuatahi.
Ngā Aldehydes me ngā Ketones
Kei roto i ngā aldehydes he rōpū carbonyl (C=O) e honoa ana ki te ngota waro, ā, e honoa ana hoki ki te ngota hauwai. Ka mutu te ingoa o te aldehyde ki te "-al".
Tauira:
– Mētana (HCHO): E mōhiotia ana ko te formaldehyde, kotahi te waro.
– Ethanal (CH3CHO) : E mōhiotia ana hoki ko te acetaldehyde, me ngā waro e rua.
Kei roto i ngā ketone he rōpū carbonyl e honoa ana ki ētahi atu ngota waro e rua. Ka mutu te ingoa o te ketone ki te "-one".
Tauira:
– Poropanone (CH3COCH3): E mōhiotia ana hoki ko te acetone, me ngā waro e toru.
Ngā Waikawa Carboxylic me ngā Esters
Kei roto i ngā waikawa carboxylic he rōpū carboxyl (-COOH). Ka mutu te ingoa o te waikawa carboxylic ki te "-oic".
Tauira:
– Waikawa Methanoic (HCOOH): E mōhiotia ana ko te waikawa formic.
– Waikawa Etanoika (CH3COOH): E mōhiotia ana hoki ko te waikawa aketiki.
Ka hangaia ngā ester i te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa carboxylic me te waipiro. Ka tapaina ngā ester i muri i te waikawa me te waipiro e hangaia ana e rāua, ā, ka mutu ki te "-oic".
Tauira:
– Methyl Methanoate (HCOOCH3): Ngā esters o te waikawa formic me te methanol.
– Ethyl Ethanoate (CH3COOCH2CH3): Ngā esters o te waikawa acetic me te etanoru.
Te Tau me te Whakaingoa o ngā Whakakapinga
Ka uaua ake te tatau i ngā matū ina kitea ngā whakakapinga. Ko te whakakapinga he ngota, he rōpū ngota rānei e whakakapi ana i te hauwai i roto i te hauwaiwai matua. Anei ngā mahi whānui:
1. Tīpakohia te Mekameka Matua: Tīpakohia te mekameka waro roa rawa atu kei roto te rōpū mahi matua.
2. Te Tautau: Tauhia tēnei mekameka mai i te pito e tata ana ki te rōpū mahi tuatahi, ki te whakakapinga rānei.
3. Tāutuhia ngā Whakakapinga: Whakaingoatia ngā whakakapinga hei kupu whakataki, ka whakanoho i ngā whakakapinga kia rite ki te raupapa pīpāpā.
4. Tohu Tūnga: Whakamahia ngā tau hei tohu i te tūnga o ia whakakapinga i runga i te mekameka matua.
Tauira:
– 2-Methylpropene (C4H8): Ko te mekameka matua ko te propene (e toru ngā waro me te hononga takirua kotahi). Ko te matū whakakapinga metil kei runga i te waro tuarua.
– 3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane (C8H18): Ko te mekameka matua ko te hexane (6 ngā waro). Kei te tuatoru o ngā waro te matū whakakapinga ethyl, ā, kei te tuarua o ngā waro te matū whakakapinga metil.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakaingoatanga o ngā matū waro he tūāpapa nui i roto i te matū waro. Mā te pūnaha IUPAC ka whakaratohia he aratohu pūnaha me te whakakotahi mō te tautuhi me te whakaingoa i ngā momo matū waro. Mā te mārama ki ngā ture me ngā mātāpono taketake o te whakaingoatanga, ka taea e tātou te whakatere me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i te mara o te matū waro.
