Ngā Hanganga Tautoko Whakawhiti Hau: Te Mārama ki ngā Tikanga Hira i roto i te Pūnaha Manawa
Pendahuluan
He tukanga nui te manawa mō te oranga o ngā mea ora, inā koa ngā kararehe me te tangata. I roto i te pūnaha manawa, he mea nui te whakawhiti hau e āhei ai te tinana ki te whiwhi hāora (O2) me te tuku i te hauhā waro (CO2). Mā tēnei tukanga ka taea e ngā pūtau o te tinana te whakahaere i ngā mahi nui o te pākia o te tinana. Ka tirotirohia e tēnei tuhinga ngā hanganga tautoko e āwhina ana i te whakawhiti hau i roto i te pūnaha manawa o te tangata me te kararehe, me te hiranga ā-tinana o ia wāhanga e whai wāhi ana.
Pūnaha whekau manawa
I roto i te tangata, ko ngā pūkahukahu ngā okana matua e uru ana ki te manawa. Ko rātou te pokapū o te whakawhiti hau, te wāhi e mimitihia ai te hāora ki roto i te toto, ā, e tangohia ai te hauhā waro mai i te toto. Kua hangaia te hanganga o roto o ngā pūkahukahu hei whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o tēnei whakawhiti hau.
1. Ara Manawa
– Te Ihu me te Pūngao Ihu: Hei ara manawa matua, ko te mahi a te ihu me te pūngao ihu he tātari, he whakamakuku, he whakamahana hoki i te hau e manawahia ana. Ka āwhina ngā huruhuru angiangi me te hūpē i roto i te ihu ki te hopu i ngā matūriki ke, me te ārai i a rātou kei uru ki te pūnaha manawa.
– Te Pharynx me te Larynx: Ka rere te hau kua tātarihia mā roto i te pharynx, kātahi ki te larynx, te wāhi kei reira ngā taura reo. He mahi anō hoki tā te larynx hei ārai i te kai kei uru ki te ara manawa mā te hipoki i te trachea e te epiglottis i te wā e horomia ana.
– Te trachea: Ka haria e tēnei ngongo te hau mai i te larynx ki ngā bronchi. He mowhiti kiriuhi e karapoti ana i te trachea hei whakarato i te kaha me te ngāwari, ka whakarite kia rere tonu te hau ki ngā pukahukahu.
2. Ngā Pūnaha me ngā Pūnaha
I muri i te haerenga mā roto i te trachea, ka uru te hau ki roto i te bronchi, ka peka ki ngā peka e rua (matau me te maui) e anga atu ana ki ia pukahukahu. Ka haere tonu te peka o ēnei bronchi ki ngā hanganga iti ake e kiia nei ko ngā bronchioles, ka mutu ki ngā alveoli. Mā tēnei hanganga peka matatini ka nui ake te horahanga o te mata mō te whakawhiti hau.
3. Ngā Ārai
He pēke hau ririki ngā alveoli, ā, ka puta te whakawhiti hau. I roto i ia alveoli, ka horapa te hāora i te hau ki roto i ngā uaua toto e karapoti ana i te alveoli, ko te hauhā waro ka neke mai i te toto ki roto i te alveoli kia tukuna mā te manawa. He mea nui te hanganga angiangi, makuku o ngā alveoli hei whakahaere i tēnei horapa hau whai hua.
Te Ahurea o te Whakawhitinga Hau
1. Te horapa o te hau
Ka puta te whakawhiti hau i roto i ngā alveoli mā te horapa. Ko te horapa te tukanga e neke ai ngā ngota mai i tētahi wāhi he nui ake te kukū ki tētahi wāhi he iti iho te kukū. Ka neke te hāora i roto i ngā alveoli ki roto i ngā uaua toto he iti ake te kukū o te hāora, ā, i tētahi atu taha, ka neke te hauhā waro i roto i ngā uaua toto he nui ake te kukū ki roto i ngā alveoli.
2. Te Tūranga o te Hemoglobin
I roto i ngā toto whero, he mahi nui tā te hemoglobin ki te kawe i te hāora mai i ngā pukahukahu puta noa i te tinana. Ka herea e te hemoglobin te hāora i a ia e haere ana i roto i ngā uaua toto e karapoti ana i ngā alveoli, ā, ka tukuna ina tae atu ki ngā kiko e hiahia ana. Ka whai wāhi anō hoki te hemoglobin ki te kawe i te hauhā waro ki ngā pukahukahu hei whakaputanga.
3. Te Whakahaunga-Te Whakawhitinga Oro
Ko te whai huatanga o te whakawhiti hau e whakawhirinaki ana hoki ki te taurite i waenga i te whakapūngao (te rere o te hau ki roto, ki waho hoki i ngā alveoli) me te toto (te rere o te toto i roto i ngā capillaries e karapoti ana i ngā alveoli). Mā te kore taurite i waenga i ngā mea e rua ka whakararu i te whai huatanga o te whakawhiti hau, ā, ka arahi ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te hypoxia, te hypercapnia rānei.
Ngā Urutaunga Motuhake i roto i ngā Kararehe
He maha ngā urutaunga hanganga o ngā kararehe hei whakahaere i te whakawhiti hau i runga i tō rātou nohoanga me ngā hiahia ā-tinana.
1. Ika
Ka whakawhirinaki ngā ika ki ngā pihanga mō te whakawhiti hau. He hanganga motuhake ngā pihanga e āhei ai te hāora ki te horapa mai i te wai ki roto i te toto. He angiangi ngā miro me ngā lamellae o ngā pihanga e whakanui ake ana i te horahanga o te mata ina pā atu ki te wai. Mā te rere kotahi-ara o te toto me te wai ka āwhina i te pupuri i te pikinga horapa teitei i te ara pihanga.
2. Ngā pepeke
He pūnaha trachea tō ngā pepeke e kawe tika ana i te hau ki ngā kiko o te tinana, me te karo i te rere o te toto e kitea ana i roto i ngā vertebrates. He ngongo iti te pūnaha trachea e kiia nei ko ngā tracheole e kawe tika ana i te hāora ki ngā pūtau o te tinana, ā, e āhei ai te whakawhiti hau pai.
3. Manu
He tino whai hua te pūnaha manawa o ngā manu hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia nui o te rere. He pēke hau kei a rātou e āhei ai te rere o te hau kotahi-ara mā roto i ngā pukahukahu, ā, ka whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whakawhiti hau mā te whakarite kia kī tonu ngā pukahukahu i te hau hou ahakoa te manawa whakapū.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mahi a te pūnaha manawa me ōna hanganga tautoko whakawhiti hau ki te pupuri i te ora. Mā te mārama ki te mahi tahi a ngā wāhanga rerekē hei whakahohe i te horapa o te hāora me te pana o te hauhā waro ka mārama ki te uaua me te whai huatanga o tēnei pūnaha koiora. I roto i ia mea ora, mai i te tangata ki ngā pepeke, ko ngā urutaunga ahurei o ngā hanganga whakawhiti hau e whakaata ana i te hītori whanaketanga roa o te oranga i roto i ngā taiao kanorau. He mea nui te rangahau anō mō te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o waho pēnei i te parahanga hau me te huringa āhuarangi ki ēnei tikanga hei pupuri i te hauora me te oranga o te ora i runga i te Ao.
