Ngā Tikanga Whakaaturanga Raraunga i roto i ngā Tatauranga
He wāhanga nui te whakaaturanga raraunga o ngā tatauranga o ēnei rā. I waenganui i te nui o ngā raraunga mai i ngā rangahau, ngā whakamātautau, ngā tauwhitinga matihiko, me ngā pūoko, ehara i te mea ko te rapu tau anake te wero matua, engari ko te whakaatu hoki i te tikanga kei muri i aua tau. Koinei te wāhi e uru mai ai te whakaaturanga raraunga: te huri i ngā raraunga mata hei whakaaturanga mārama, te āwhina ki te kimi i ngā tauira, te kite i ngā rerekētanga, te whakatairite i ngā rōpū, me te tautoko i te whakatau i runga i ngā taunakitanga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga whakaaturanga raraunga noa i roto i ngā tatauranga, ō rātou kaupapa, me ngā mātāpono hei whakarite kia kore ngā whakaaturanga e tinihanga.
1. Te Tūranga o te Whakaaturanga Raraunga i roto i ngā Tatauranga
I roto i ngā tatauranga, ka whakamahia te whakaaturanga i ētahi wāhanga o te tātari. Tuatahi, i te wā o te tātari raraunga tūhura (EDA), ka āwhina ngā kauwhata i ngā kaitātari ki te mārama ki te tohatoha, te rerekētanga, ngā mea o waho, me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi i mua i te hanga i tētahi tauira. Tuarua, ka whakamahia te whakaaturanga hei whakapuaki i ngā hua: me mārama ngā kauwhata mō ngā pūrongo rangahau, ngā whakaaturanga pakihi, me ngā tuhinga pūtaiao kia tere ai te hopu i ngā kitenga matua. Tuatoru, he mea nui hoki te whakaaturanga mō te whakamana i te tauira, hei tauira, mā roto i ngā kauwhata toenga, ngā kauwhata matapae-ki-te-tūturu, ētahi atu kauwhata tātaritanga rānei.
Ara, ehara te whakaaturanga raraunga i te "whakapaipai" noa iho o ngā pūrongo, engari he taputapu tātari e awe ana i te kounga o ngā whakatau tatauranga.
2. Ngā Tikanga Whakaaturanga mō ngā Raraunga Kotahi-Taurangi (Kotahi te Taurangi)
Ina arotahi te tātari ki te kotahi taurangi anake, ko te whāinga matua kia mārama ki te āhua o te tohatoha, te pokapū raraunga, me tōna horapa.
a. Histogram
Ka whakaatuhia e te histogram te tohatoha o ngā raraunga tau mā te wehewehe i ngā raraunga ki ngā wā (ngā ipu). Mai i te histogram, ka taea e tātou te whakatau mēnā he ōrite te raraunga, he piko ki te taha matau, ki te taha maui rānei, he nui atu rānei i te kotahi te tihi (multimodal). He mea nui te whiriwhiri i te maha o ngā ipu: mēnā he iti rawa ngā ipu ka huna i ngā taipitopito, engari mēnā he maha rawa ngā ipu ka haruru te kauwhata.
b. Kauwhata pouaka (hoahoa pouaka)
Ka whakarapopototia e te kauwhata pouaka ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i te tau waenga, ngā hauwhā, me ngā mea o waho. He tino whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te tautuhi tere i ngā rerekētanga me ngā mea o waho. I roto i ngā tatauranga, he taputapu paerewa ngā kauwhata pouaka mō te whakatairite i ngā tohatoha i waenga i ngā rōpū nā tō rātou kiato.
c. Kauwhata kiato (piko kiato)
He rite te pihi kiato ki te histogram engari he maeneene ake. Mā tēnei whakaaturanga ka taea te whakaatu i te āhua o te tohatoha me te kore e whakawhirinaki nui ki te kōwhiringa ipu. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā kauwhata kiato hei whakatairite i ngā tohatoha e rua i runga i te kauwhata kotahi.
d. Tūtohi pae mō ngā raraunga kāwai
Mō ngā taurangi kāwai (hei tauira, te ira tangata, te taumata mātauranga, te kāwai hua), ko ngā tūtohi pae te whiringa pai. Me whakarite kia whakarite arorau ngā tuaka kāwai (hei tauira, mā te raupapa maori, mā te auau rānei) kia māmā ai te pānui.
3. Ngā Tikanga Whakaata mō te Whakataurite i waenga i ngā Rōpū
I roto i te maha o ngā rangahau tatauranga, me whakarite ngā raraunga mā ngā rōpū (hei tauira, te maimoatanga me te mana whakahaere, te rohe A me te B, ngā akomanga maha rānei).
a. Kauwhata pouaka mō ia rōpū
He tino whai hua ngā kauwhata pouaka mō te whakatairite i ngā tau waenga, ngā tohatoha, me ngā tauwehe i waenga i ngā rōpū. Mena he maha ngā rōpū, whakaarohia te huri i ngā tuaka, te whakamahi rānei i te aronga whakapae kia māmā ake ai te pānui i ngā tapanga.
b. Te kaupapa o te vaiorine
Ka whakakotahihia e te kauwhata vaiorine he kauwhata pouaka me te kōpiko kiato hei whakaatu i te whakarāpopototanga me te āhua o te tohatoha. He mea whai hua tēnei ina hiahia tātou ki te whakatau mēnā ko ngā rerekētanga rōpū i puta mai i ngā āhua tohatoha rerekē.
c. Kauwhata toharite/ira me ngā pae hapa
Mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whakatau tata, mā te tuhi i te toharite me ngā pae hapa (hei tauira, te paerewa rerekētanga, te hapa paerewa, te wā whakawhirinaki rānei) ka whakanui i te toharite kua whakatauhia me tōna koretake. Heoi, me tūpato tēnei tikanga: ka taea e te toharite te huna i ngā tohatoha kore taurite, maha-ara rānei.
4. Ngā Tikanga Whakaaturanga mō te Hononga i waenga i ngā Taurangi e Rua (Taurangi-rua)
Ko te whāinga o te tātari taurangi rua he mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi e rua, ahakoa he tau-tau, he tau-kāwai, he kāwai-kāwai rānei.
a. Kauwhata marara (kauwhata marara)
Ko te kauwhata marara te whiringa tino noa mō ngā taurangi tau e rua. E whakaatu ana i ngā tauira rārangi, kore-rārangi, tauira rōpū, me ngā tauira waho. Mō te tātari matatau, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia ngā kauwhata marara ki ngā rārangi whakatauira, ki te whakangawari rānei (hei tauira, LOESS) hei whakamārama i ngā au.
b. Tūtohi rārangi mō ngā raraunga raupapa wā
Mena ka huri te taurangi tau i roto i te wā, ka āwhina te kauwhata rārangi ki te tautuhi i ngā au, ngā wā, me ngā pikinga. I roto i ngā tatauranga raupapa wā, ka whakamahia pinepinetia tēnei kauwhata i mua i te whakatauira ARIMA, te whakangawari taupū, me ētahi atu tauira rānei.
c. Mahere wera mō ngā kāwai, ngā matihiko rānei
He pai ngā mahere wera mō ngā ripanga taupatupatu, ngā matihiko taunga rānei. Ko ngā tae e tohu ana i te kaha, i te rahi rānei o ngā uara. He whai hua tēnei tikanga mō ngā huinga raraunga nui, engari me whiriwhiri tika te kaupapa tae kia kore ai e hē te whakamārama.
5. Ngā Tikanga Whakaaturanga Maha-Taurangi (Neke atu i te Rua ngā Taurangi)
Mēnā he maha ngā taurangi kei roto i ngā raraunga, ko te wero ko te whakaatu i ngā mōhiohio me te kore e tino uaua rawa te kauwhata.
a. Kauwhata marara me te tae/rahi/āhua
Ka taea e te kauwhata marara te whakaatu i ngā taurangi tāpiri mā te whakamahi i te tae (kāwai), te rahi o te ira (tau), te āhua rānei (kāwai). He kaha tēnei tikanga, engari me whakarite kia mārama te pūrākau, ā, kia kaua e tino kitea ngā rerekētanga tirohanga.
b. Te whakahāngai (ngā maha iti)
Mā te wehewehe i te tūtohi kotahi kia maha ngā panera i runga i ngā kāwai (hei tauira, mā te rohe, mā te momo hua rānei). He pai ake tēnei i te whakakī i ngā mōhiohio maha ki roto i te tūtohi kotahi.
c. Matū takirua/matū marara
Ka whakaatuhia e te matihiko kauwhata marara ngā takirua taurangi katoa i roto i te whatunga kotahi. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi, ngā hononga kaha, ngā tauira rōpū rānei. He whai hua tēnei tikanga mō te EDA, inā koa i mua i te tātari whakatauira, i te ako mīhini rānei.
d. Kauwhata rua PCA, kauwhata whakaiti rahinga rānei
Mō ngā huinga raraunga he maha ngā āhuatanga, ka taea e ngā tikanga whakaiti i te inenga pērā i te PCA, te t-SNE, te UMAP rānei te mahere i ngā raraunga ki te 2D hei whakaatu i ngā tautau. I roto i ngā tatauranga, ka taea hoki e ngā kauwhata rua PCA te whakaatu i te takoha o ngā taurangi ki ngā wāhanga matua. Heoi, me āta whakamārama ngā hua whakaiti i te inenga nā te mea ka ngaro ngā mōhiohio i te wā e pēhia ana.
6. Ngā Mātāpono o te Hoahoa i ngā Whakaaturanga Pai
Ahakoa kāore i te tika te hoahoa, ka raru tonu pea te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga whakaaturanga pai. Anei ētahi mātāpono nui mō te horopaki o ngā tatauranga:
1. Kōwhiria he tūtohi e rite ana ki tō momo raraunga me tō pātai. Kaua e whakamahi i te tūtohi porowhita mō ngā kāwai maha rawa, hei whakatairite rānei i ngā rerekētanga iti.
2. Whakamahia ngā tauine tuaka me te pono. Mā te tapahi i ngā tuaka (hei tauira, kāore te tuaka-y e tīmata i te kore) ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā rerekētanga. He mea whakaaetia tēnei i ētahi wā, engari me whai horopaki me te whakamārama.
3. Kia tūpato ki te tae. Whakamahia he papatae tae e pai ana mō te hunga e kore e kite i te tae, ā, karohia ngā huinga tae uaua.
4. Whakaratohia ngā tapanga me ngā puna mārama. Me whakaoti te taitara, te pūrākau, ngā waeine, me ngā taitara kia tū motuhake ai te kauwhata.
5. Whakaatuhia te koretake ina tika. I roto i ngā tatauranga whakatau, he nui ake ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te whakaatu i ngā wā whakawhirinaki, i ngā roopu matapae, i ngā pae hapa rānei i te whakaatu i ngā tau takitahi.
6. Āta karohia ngā "para tūtohi". Ka taea e ngā pānga 3D, ngā whakapaipai nui rawa, ngā whakatakotoranga koretake rānei te whakararuraru i te karere matua.
7. Ngā Hapa Noa i roto i te Whakaaturanga Tatauranga
He mea noa ētahi hapa, ā, ka taea e rātou te whakapohehe i ngā kaipānui:
– Te whakamahi i te toharite mō ngā raraunga tino piko, me te kore e whakaatu i te tau waenga, i te tohatoha rānei.
– Mā te whakakotahi i ngā kāwai maha rawa ka uaua te pānui i te kauwhata.
– Kāore e whakaatu i te rahi o te tauira ahakoa ka taea te whakahē i ngā whakataurite rōpū mēnā he tino rerekē te nui o ngā raraunga.
– Te whakatau i ngā take ā-ira mai i ngā kauwhata marara e whakaatu ana i te hononga anake.
8. Whakamutunga
Ko ngā tikanga whakaatu raraunga i roto i ngā tatauranga e whakakotahi ana i te māramatanga raraunga, ngā whāinga tātari, me ngā pūkenga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Mā ngā histogram, ngā pouaka kauwhata, ngā kauwhata marara, ngā tūtohi rārangi, ngā mahere wera, tae atu ki ngā tikanga maha-taurangi pērā i te faceting me te PCA ka āwhina i ngā kaitātari ki te kite i ngā mea kāore e kitea wawetia mai i ngā ripanga tau. Heoi, ehara i te mea he "ataahua" noa iho ngā whakaaturanga pai engari he tika, he pono, he arotahi ki ngā pātai e hiahia ana rātou ki te whakautu.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tika me ngā mātāpono hoahoa pakari, ka taea e te whakaaturanga raraunga te noho hei piriti kaha i waenga i te tātari tatauranga uaua me te mārama ngāwari mō te tini o ngā hunga whakarongo—mai i ngā kairangahau ki ngā kaihanga kaupapa here.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia mārama ake (me ngā tohutoro), te tāpiri tauira take, te waihanga rānei i tētahi putanga e aro ana ki ngā pūmanawa motuhake pēnei i a Excel, R, Python rānei.
