Ngā Tatauranga Whakatau Taketake: Te Whakamārama, Ngā Tikanga, me Ngā Whakamahinga
Ko te tatauranga te pūtaiao e ako ana i te kohikohi, te tukatuka, te tātari, te whakamārama, me te whakaatu raraunga. E rua ngā wāhanga matua o te tatauranga: ko te tatauranga whakaahua me te tatauranga whakatau. Ko te arotahi a te tatauranga whakaahua ki te whakaatu me te whakarāpopoto i ngā raraunga ki ngā whakatakotoranga e māmā ana te mārama, pērā i ngā ripanga, ngā kauwhata, me ngā inenga rerekē o te ia matua me te marara. I tētahi atu taha, ka taea e tātou te matapae, te whakatau rānei mō tētahi taupori i runga i ngā raraunga tauira.
Ko ngā tatauranga whakatau tata he peka o ngā tatauranga e āhei ai tātou ki te whakatau tata, ki te whakatau rānei i tētahi taupori i runga i ngā raraunga i tangohia mai i tētahi tauira. He mea nui tēnei whakamahinga nā te mea he maha ngā wā kāore e taea te kohikohi raraunga mai i te taupori katoa. Mā roto i ngā tikanga tatauranga whakatau tata, ka taea e tātou te hanga whakatau tata, whakapae rānei mō te taupori, me te ine i te taumata o te whakapono ki aua whakatau tata.
Te Māramatanga Taketake me ngā Ariā Matua
Taupori me te Tauira
– Taupori: E pā ana ki te kohinga katoa o ngā tāngata takitahi, o ngā taonga rānei e rangahauhia ana. Hei tauira, ko ngā ākonga katoa i tētahi whare wānanga.
– Tauira: He wāhanga, he wāhanga rānei o tētahi taupori i tīpakohia mō te rangahau hei whakatau whakatau mō taua taupori. Hei tauira, 100 ngā ākonga i tīpakohia matapōkeretia mai i te whare wānanga.
Ngā Tawhā me ngā Tatauranga
– Tawhā: He uara tau e whakaahua ana i tētahi āhuatanga o tētahi taupori (pērā i te toharite taupori).
– Ngā Tatauranga: He uara tau e whakaahua ana i tētahi āhuatanga o tētahi tauira (pērā i te toharite tauira).
Ngā Tikanga i roto i ngā Tatauranga Whakataurite
He maha ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tatauranga whakatau tata, pērā i:
1. Te Whakatau Tawhā
– Ko te whakatau tataitanga tawhā he whakamahi i ngā raraunga tauira hei whakatau tatai (hei matapae rānei) i te uara o tētahi tawhā taupori. E rua ngā momo whakatau tataitanga matua:
– Whakatau Tatau: He whakatau tata kotahi mō tētahi tawhā taupori. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te toharite tauira hei whakatau tata i te toharite taupori.
– Wā Whakawhirinakitanga: Ko te whānuitanga o ngā uara e whakaarohia ana, e tumanakohia ana rānei, ka mau te uara tawhā taupori me tētahi taumata whakawhirinakitanga.
2. Te Whakamātautau Whakaaro
– E rua ngā whakapae kei roto i te tukanga whakamātautau whakapae, arā, ko te whakapae kore (H0) e kī ana kāore he pānga, he rerekētanga rānei, me te whakapae rerekē (H1) e kī ana he pānga, he rerekētanga rānei.
– Ko te whakamātautau whakapae he whakatau mēnā he nui ngā taunakitanga mai i ngā raraunga tauira hei whakakore i te whakapae kore, hei tautoko i te whakapae rerekē.
– Ko ngā mahi i roto i te whakamātautau whakapae ko:
1. Whakahuatia ngā whakapae e rua (Ho me Ha).
2. Tīpakohia te taumata hiranga (ārepa).
3. Kohia, tātarihia hoki ngā raraunga.
4. Whakatauhia te uara-p, te tatauranga whakamātautau rānei.
5. Whakatauhia ngā whakatau i runga i te uara-p me te taumata hiranga.
3. Tātari Whakamuri
– Whakamahia hei mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā taurangi e rua, neke atu rānei.
– Kei roto i te tauira whakatauira rārangi māmā te whanaungatanga i waenga i tētahi taurangi motuhake (matapae) me tētahi taurangi whakawhirinaki (tauhohenga).
– He nui atu i te kotahi te taurangi motuhake e uru ana ki ngā tauira whakatauira rārangi maha.
4. Tātaritanga o te Rerekētanga (ANOVA)
– Hei whakatairite i ngā toharite i waenga i ngā rōpū e toru, neke atu rānei, me te whakatau mēnā he rerekē tētahi rōpū i ētahi atu.
– Ko te ANOVA ara-kotahi e whai wāhi ana ki tētahi tauwehe, ki tētahi taurangi motuhake rānei, ko te ANOVA ara-rua ia e whai wāhi ana ki ngā tauwehe e rua, ki ētahi taurangi motuhake rānei.
Ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Tatauranga Whakataurite
Ka kitea ngā tono o ngā tatauranga whakatau tata i roto i ngā momo mara maha, tae atu ki:
– Hauora: Hei whakatau i te whai huatanga o ngā maimoatanga hou ki te whakataurite ki ngā maimoatanga tawhito.
– Pakihi: Hei ine i te pai o te kiritaki me te matapae i ngā hoko ā muri ake nei.
– Hinengaro: Hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga o te rongoā, o te wawaotanga rānei hei whakapai ake i te āhua hinengaro o te tūroro.
– Mātauranga: Hei aromatawai i te whai huatanga o tētahi marautanga hou, o tētahi tikanga whakaako rānei.
– Ngā Pūtaiao Pāpori: Hei tātari i ngā raraunga rangahau me te whakatau i ngā whanonga pāpori.
Ngā Akoranga Take me ngā Tauira
Hei tauira mō te whakatinanatanga o ngā tatauranga whakatau, anei tētahi tauira māmā i roto i te ao mātauranga:
Akoranga Take: Te Whai Huatanga o ngā Tikanga Whakaako Hou
I hiahia tētahi kaiako pāngarau i te kura A ki te whakatau mēnā he pai ake te whai huatanga o tētahi tikanga whakaako hou i te tikanga tawhito hei whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā ākonga. Hei mahi i tēnei, i whakamahia e ia ngā raraunga mai i ngā rōpū ākonga e rua: ko tētahi rōpū i whakaako mā te whakamahi i te tikanga whakaako tawhito (te rōpū whakahaere) me tētahi atu e whakamahi ana i te tikanga whakaako hou (te rōpū whakamātautau).
Ngā Hipanga Tātari:
1. Te Hanga Whakaaro
– Ho: Kāore he rerekētanga o ngā kaute whakamātautau toharite i waenga i ngā rōpū e rua.
– Hā: He rerekētanga kei roto i ngā kaute whakamātautau toharite i waenga i ngā rōpū e rua.
2. Te Kohikohi Raraunga
– Kohia ngā raraunga kaute whakamātautau mai i ngā rōpū e rua.
3. Tātaritanga Tatauranga
– Te whakamahi i tētahi whakamātautau-t motuhake hei whakatairite i ngā toharite e rua.
– Tīpakohia te taumata hiranga (hei tauira, alpha = 0,05).
4. Te Tātaitanga me te Whakamārama
– Tātaihia te uara-t tatauranga me te uara-p.
– Ki te mea ko te uara-p < alpha, whakakahoretia te Ho. E tohu ana tēnei he pānga nui tō te tikanga whakaako hou. Whakatau: He mea nui te mahi a ngā tatauranga whakatau i roto i te tātari raraunga me te whakatau kaupapa. Mā roto i ngā mātāpono me ngā tikanga kua whakahuatia i runga ake nei, ka taea e tātou te whakatau kaupapa tika me te whakatau kaupapa pai ake, whai whakaaro nui ake. He tino whai hua te mōhio ki ngā ariā o ngā tatauranga whakatau, ehara i te mea i roto i te ao mātauranga anake engari i roto hoki i te oranga o ia rā me ngā momo mara ngaio. Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua o ngā tatauranga whakatau mō te hunga katoa e uru ana ki te tātari raraunga me te rangahau.
