Ngā Tatauranga i roto i te Iwi
Kua roa te mōhiotia o te etnography hei huarahi rangahau e aro nui ana ki te hohonu o te māramatanga: kei roto ngā kairangahau i ngā hapori, e mātakitaki ana i ngā mahi o ia rā, e whakahaere ana i ngā uiuinga hōhonu, e tuhi ana i te reo, i ngā tohu, i ngā whanaungatanga mana, me ngā tikanga kua whakaurua ki roto i ngā wheako o te hunga e akohia ana. Nā tēnei, he maha ngā wā ka tū te etnography hei "āhuatanga noa iho"—me te mea kua wehea mai i ngā tau, i ngā inenga, me ngā tātaritanga tatauranga. Heoi, i roto i ngā mahi rangahau pāpori o nāianei, ka taea e ngā tatauranga te whai wāhi nui ki te whakarei ake i te etnography me te kore e ngaro ōna tohu: te aro ki ngā horopaki me te hohonu o te whakamaoritanga.
E matapakihia ana i roto i tēnei tuhinga te whakamahinga tika o ngā tatauranga i roto i te mātauranga iwi, ōna painga me ōna herenga, me ngā tauira o tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā mahi mara.
He aha te hiranga o ngā tatauranga mō te rangahau iwi?
Ko ngā tatauranga he taputapu matua mō te whakarāpopoto i ngā rerekētanga me ngā tauira o ngā raraunga. I roto i ngā horopaki ahurea, he maha ngā raraunga ka puta i te āhua o ngā tuhipoka mara, ngā tuhinga uiui, ngā whakaahua, ngā taonga tuku iho, me ngā tuhinga. Heoi anō, ka mahi anō ngā kairangahau ahurea ki ngā raraunga me ngā āhuatanga tauanga: te auau o ngā huihuinga, te maha o ngā kaiuru ki ngā kawa, ngā tauira o ngā haerenga ki ngā wāhi motuhake, ngā whatunga whanaungatanga, te tau, te tohatoha mahi rānei o ngā kaiwhakapāho, tae atu ki ngā huringa o ngā utu, ngā utu, ngā whakapaunga whare rānei e pā ana ki ngā mahi ahurea.
Ehara i te mea ka huri te rangahau ahurea hei rangahau nui mā te whakamahi i ngā tatauranga. Engari, ka taea te mārama ki ngā tatauranga hei taputapu hei: (1) whakamārama i ngā tauira e puta mai ana i ngā tirohanga, (2) tirotiro pūnaha i ngā whakaaro o ngā kairangahau, (3) whakanui ake i te māramatanga o te tukanga tātari, me te (4) whakapakari ake i ngā tautohetohe ahurea ina mahi tahi me ngā hunga whakarongo kaupapa here, te marea whānui rānei e tono ana i ngā taunakitanga tau.
Ngā Āhua o te Whakamahi i ngā Tatauranga i roto i te Ethnography
1) Ngā Tatauranga Whakaahua hei Hopu i te Horopaki
Ko ngā momo māmā rawa atu—engari he maha ngā wā he tino whai hua—ko ngā tatauranga whakaahua: ōrau, toharite, tau waenga, whānuitanga, me ngā tātaitanga whakawhiti. Hei tauira, i roto i te rangahau iwi o tētahi hapori hī ika, ka whakarāpopoto pea ngā kairangahau i te hanganga o ngā oranga (ngā kaihao ika, ngā kaimahi, ngā kaihokohoko ika), ngā taumata mātauranga, ngā rerekētanga rānei o ngā wā hī ika. Kāore ēnei tau e whakakapi i te kōrero, engari ka whakaratohia he anga mārama: "te nui" me te "te auau" o tētahi mahi, kia mārama ai ngā kaipānui ki tōna tauine me tōna tohatoha.
Hei tauira, o ngā whare 30 i uiuitia, 18 i whakawhirinaki ki te hī ika hei whiwhi moni, 7 i whakawhirinaki ki te tukatuka ika, ā, 5 i whakawhirinaki ki ngā mahi ehara i te hī ika. Ka taea e ēnei mōhiohio te whakakoi i ngā tātaritanga o te manawanui ōhanga, te wehenga o te mahi, me te ngoikore ki te huarere kino.
2) Te Tātaitanga o te Auautanga me ngā Tauira Taunekeneke
He maha ngā wā kei roto i ngā tuhipoka mara ngā kaupapa e puta tonu ana: ngā hui ā-hapori, ngā pakanga iti, ngā momo mihi, te tuku koha, ngā tikanga kai motuhake rānei. Ka taea e ngā kairangahau te tohu i ēnei kaupapa me te tatau i tō rātou auau mā te wā, te wāhi, te rōpū pāpori rānei. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te wehewehe i waenga i ngā kaupapa "nui" nā te mea he mea whakamiharo, me ngā mea "noa" nā te mea he mea noa.
Hei tauira, i tuhia e ngā kairangahau e 60 ngā taunekeneke i roto i tētahi whare kawhe mō ngā wiki e rua. Mā te whakamahi i ngā waehere māmā (ngā kaupapa kōrero, ngā kaikōrero matua, ngā hāora pīki), i taea e rātou te tirotiro i ngā tauira o te hononga i waenga i te wāhi pāpori, te hiranga o te ira tangata, me te whakaputa whakaaro tūmatanui i te taumata ā-rohe.
3) Tātari Whatunga Hapori
He mea nui te mātauranga iwi ki te mārama ki ngā whanaungatanga pāpori—ko wai e tata ana ki a wai, ko wai he mana, ko wai e hono ana i ngā rōpū. Ka taea e ngā tatauranga whatunga pāpori te āwhina i te tirohanga me te ine i ēnei hanganga whanaungatanga, hei tauira mā roto i ngā ine o te "pokapū" (ko wai te mea tino pokapū), te "kiato" (te matotoru o te whatunga), te "honohono" rānei (ko wai e hono ana i ngā rōpū).
I roto i ngā rangahau mō ngā whakahaere hapori, ka taea te tiki raraunga whatunga mai i ngā pātai māmā: "Ko wai ka tahuri koe ki te rapu āwhina ina pā mai he raruraru?" "Ko wai rānei ka mahi tahi koe i ngā wā katoa?" Ka taea e ngā hua te tāpiri i ngā kōrero ā-iwi mō te kaiārahi kore whaimana, te tangata rānei e pupuri ana i ngā here i muri i ngā hanganga whaimana.
4) Ngā Tikanga Whakaranu: Te Whakakotahi i te Iwi me ngā Rangahau
He maha ngā rangahau e whakamahi ana i tētahi hoahoa tikanga whakauru: ka whakamahia te mātauranga iwi hei mārama ki te horopaki me te whakatakoto i ngā pātai e tika ana, kātahi ka whakamahia ngā rangahau iti hei whakamātautau i te whānuitanga o ēnei tauira i roto i te hapori. E kiia ana tēnei huarahi ko te "tautoko tauanga mō ngā māramatanga kounga".
Hei tauira, i kitea e te rangahau tikanga tangata i roto i tētahi wheketere kakahu, ko te mahi ā-wā "tūao" i awehia e ngā pēhanga pāpori me ngā whāinga whakaputa. Ka taea e tētahi rangahau poto te ine i te nui o te pānga o ēnei pēhanga ki ngā kaimahi, me pēhea te rerekētanga puta noa i ngā tari, me pēhea te hononga ki te mana kirimana. Ka tautokohia e ngā hua tatauranga ngā kitenga tikanga tangata, ko te rangahau tikanga tangata te whakamārama i ngā tikanga me ngā tikanga kei muri i ngā tau.
5) Te Tātari Ihirangi Tauanga mō ngā Raraunga Kuputuhi
Ka taea te tātari i ngā tuhinga uiuinga me ngā tuhinga mā te whakamahi i ngā huarahi tauanga pēnei i te tātari ihirangi: te tatau i te putanga mai o ngā kaupapa, ngā kupumatua rānei, te whakatairite i ngā kaupapa puta noa i ngā rōpū, te mātakitaki rānei i ngā huringa o te kōrero i roto i te wā. Ka taea te mahi ā-ringa i tēnei tikanga mā te waehere, mā te āwhina rānei o te pūmanawa.
Heoi, me tūpato ngā kairangahau ahurea: kāore te auau o te whakamahi i tētahi kupu e tohu tonu i tōna hiranga. Tērā pea he onge te whakahua i tētahi kaupapa engari he tino tairongo; i tētahi atu taha, tērā pea ka puta pinepine nā te mea he "reo whaimana" e puta pinepine ana, ehara i te wheako o te tangata. Koinei te wāhi e noho tonu ai te whakamārama ahurea hei kaupapa matua.
Ngā Painga o ngā Tatauranga mō ngā Tohenga Iwi
Tuatahi, ka taea e ngā tatauranga te whakarei ake i te pakari. Ina kī ngā kairangahau, "He mahi noa tēnei," ka kitea e ngā kaipānui ngā tohu: te whānui o tēnei mahi, i roto i ēhea rōpū, ā, i raro i ēhea āhuatanga.
Tuarua, ka āwhina ngā tatauranga ki te pupuri i te taurite i waenga i ngā kaupapa whakahirahira me ngā tauira o ia rā. He maha ngā wā ka tūtaki ngā kairangahau iwi ki ngā wā kaha, whakaohooho—he pakanga tuwhera, he kawa nui, he huihuinga raruraru—engari ka āwhina ngā tatauranga ki te whakaatu i aua wā ki te tirohanga whānui.
Tuatoru, ka āwhina ngā tatauranga i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki ngā kaihanga kaupapa here. He maha ngā kaupapa here tūmatanui e ārahihia ana e ngā tohu. Ko ngā momo iwi e tautokona ana e ngā raraunga tauanga he māmā ake te uru atu me te kore e whakaiti i te hohonutanga.
Ngā Here me ngā Mōrearea: Kāore ngā Tau e Noho Pūmau
Ahakoa he whai hua, he mōrearea anō hoki kei roto i ngā tatauranga i roto i te mātauranga iwi.
1. Whakaitinga: Ka whakawhāitihia ngā wheako tangata ki ngā taurangi. Heoi, he maha ngā wā ka ruarua ngā tikanga ahurea, ka taupatupatu, ka ā-tūranga hoki.
2. Te mānukanuka o te koretake o te whakaaro: te āhua nei he "tino pono" ngā tau, ahakoa he nui te awe o te tūranga o te kairangahau ki te whiriwhiri i ngā kāwai, te huarahi pātai, me te tukanga waehere.
3. Ngā take tauira: Kāore i te maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā tauira matapōkere e te rangahau iwi. Nō reira, kāore e taea te whakawhanui i ngā tau i ngā wā katoa. He pai ake te whakamahi i ngā tau hei tautoko i ngā tautohe horopaki, kaua ki ngā kereme whānui.
4. Ngā Tikanga Matatika me te Tūmataitinga: Ka taea e ngā raraunga tauanga, inā koa ko ngā whatunga pāpori, te whakaatu i te tuakiri, i te tūranga rānei o ngā tāngata takitahi i roto i te hapori. Me tino kaha ngā kairangahau iwi ki te pupuri i te ingoa me te whakaae a ngā kaiuru.
Ngā Rautaki Whaihua mō te Whakamahi i ngā Tatauranga i roto i te Iwi Māori
Kia tino whai hua ai ngā tatauranga, he maha ngā rautaki ka taea te whakamahi:
– Tīmata mai i ngā pātai mō te mātauranga iwi: ka whiriwhiria ngā tatauranga hei whakautu i ngā pātai o te mara, kaua hei whakaatu he "pūtaiao".
– Whakamahia ngā tau hei aratohu, kaua hei kaiwhakawā: ki te whakaatu ngā raraunga i tētahi tauira tauhou, hoki atu ki te mara—pātai atu, mātakitaki atu, ā, mārama atu.
– Kia mārama te mahi waehere: whakamāramahia te waihangatanga o ngā kāwai, te tatau i ngā raraunga, me ngā herenga.
– Whakaritea te whakamāramatanga horopaki ki te kaupapa matua: me whakanoho ngā tau ki roto i tētahi kōrero pāpori—ko wai kei te kōrero, i roto i ēhea āhuatanga, me ngā hua ka puta.
Te Katinga
Ehara i te ao e rua e whakahē ana te tatauranga me te mātauranga iwi. He hohonu, he rerekētanga, he tikanga hoki ngā āhuatanga o te mātauranga iwi; he huarahi anō hoki te tatauranga ki te whakarāpopoto i ngā tauira me ngā rerekētanga. Ina āta honoa ngātahitia, ka taea e ēnei te whakaputa rangahau he nui ngā kōrero, he kaha hoki te tautohetohe: ka taea te whakamārama i "te mea i tupu" me "te tikanga ki ngā kaiuru," tae atu ki "te whānui," "te auau," me "i raro i ngā āhuatanga" e puta ai ngā mahi ahurea.
Hei whakamutunga, ehara ngā tatauranga i roto i te mātauranga iwi i te whakakapi i ngā reo tangata ki ngā tau, engari he tāpiri i tētahi atu paparanga taunakitanga kia tino mārama ai, kia whai kawenga ai, kia tika ai hoki tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao pāpori ki ngā momo hunga whakarongo.
